Coin grading services are a relatively recent phenomenon, having emerged in the 1980s as a response to the need for buyers and sellers to agree on common measures of a coin's value.

These are typical of fandangos and sevillanas, suggesting their origin as non-Gypsy styles, since the 3 / 4 and 4 / 4 measures are not common in ethnic Gypsy music.

The most common counter measures are smoke grenade dischargers.

One common measure of kurtosis, originating with Karl Pearson, is based on a scaled version of the fourth moment of the data or population, but it has been argued that this measure really measures heavy tails, and not peakedness.

* 1936 – In Berlin, Germany and Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact, agreeing to consult on measures " to safeguard their common interests " in the case of an unprovoked attack by the Soviet Union against either nation.

Other common supportive measures include the use of topical pain anesthetics and antiseptics, maintaining a warm environment, and intravenous analgesics.

To maintain purity standards and common measures across time, the troy ounce was retained over the avoirdupois ounce in the weighing and pricing of gold, platinum, silver and gunpowder.

Among these are the power to lay and collect taxes and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; to borrow money on the credit of the United States, to regulate interstate, foreign, and Indian commerce ; ( 5 ) To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; and to create courts inferior to the Supreme Court among many others.

This remains a common way of specifying amplitude, but sometimes other measures of amplitude are more appropriate.

Utility functions are also related to risk measures, with the most common example being the entropic risk measure.

Other common defensive measures include cat litter and blood meal, to repel the mole, or flooding or smoking its burrow.

R. rattus populations remained common in seaports and major cities until the late nineteenth century but have been decreased due to rodent control and sanitation measures.

Although the deputies claimed to defend the interests of the people, most had an important fear of common people, of innovations, of socialism and even of simple measures, such as the extension of voting rights.

The BDI-II is quicker to administer and contains 21 measures of depressive symptom severity, which also captures atypical symptoms that are common in SAD.

Vaccination programs and distribution of condoms to prevent the spread of communicable diseases are examples of common preventive public health measures, as are educational campaigns to promote vaccination and the use of condoms ( including overcoming resistance to such ).

A VLAN can also serve to restrict access to network resources without regard to physical topology of the network, although the strength of this method remains debatable as VLAN Hopping is a common means of bypassing such security measures.

The council also approved measures for protecting trees in the common areas and streets.

The customs union opened up a common market, ended tariffs between states, and standardized weights, measures, and currencies within member states ( excluding Austria ), forming the basis of a proto-national economy.

One common measure of sympathetic activity is skin conductance, which measures how sweaty our palms are and how well they conduct electricity.

The compensatory measures form the main part of the SAAC, but the principal one, the backbone of Schengen, is the creation of a common information system to the signatory States: the Schengen Information System ( the SIS ).

The former, traditional approach, appeals for its reliability, but can quickly lose its relevance due to inflation and other factors ; the latter, increasingly common approach, is appealing for its relevance, but is less reliable due to the need to use subjective measures.

However they suggest that " increased use of crime prevention measures may indeed be the common factor behind the near universal decrease in overall levels of crime in the Western world ", since decreases have been most pronounced in property crime and less so, if at all, in contact crimes.

Such common commercial measures as software-based customer relationship management, rewards programs and target marketing tend to drastically increase the amount of information gathered ( and sometimes shared ).

EDE-Q measures the common eating disorders: restrain, eating concern, body shape concern, and body weight concern.

The modern English-only movement has met with rejection from the private organization Linguistic Society of America, which passed a resolution in 1986 – 87 opposing "' English only ' measures on the grounds that they are based on misconceptions about the role of a common language in establishing political unity, and that they are inconsistent with basic American traditions of linguistic tolerance.

But I have been at some pains to review it as the drama of the common man, to point up what happened to him under Eisenhower's leadership.

But what a super-Herculean task it is to winnow anything of value from the mud-beplastered arguments used so freely, particularly since such common use is made of cliches and stereotypes, in themselves declarations of intellectual bankruptcy.

for what had happened on the common was only terror and flight ; ;

He tried to ignore what his own common sense told him, but it wasn't possible ; ;

This is not to attempt to say what spirit is, but only to employ a commonly used word to designate or simply identify a common experience.

Although his respect for Aristotle was diminished as his travels made it clear that much of Aristotle's geography was clearly wrong, when the old philosopher released his works to the public, Alexander complained " Thou hast not done well to publish thy acroamatic doctrines ; for in what shall I surpass other men if those doctrines wherein I have been trained are to be all men's common property?

While much of the construction in these sites conforms to common Pueblo architectural forms, including Kivas, towers, and pit-houses, the space constrictions of these alcoves necessitated what seems to have been a far denser concentration of their populations.

He fought politically against what he denounced as a closed, undemocratic aristocracy, adding to his appeal to common citizens.

Philosopher G. H. R. Parkinson notes a common objection to Kant's argument: that what ought to be done does not necessarily entail that it is possible.

Such judges decide, often when called upon by counsel rather than of their own motion, what evidence is to be admitted when there is a dispute ; though in some common law jurisdictions judges play more of a role in deciding what evidence to admit into the record or reject.

Five kinds of Phaseolus beans were domesticated by pre-Columbian peoples: common beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) grown from Chile to the northern part of what is now the United States, and lima and sieva beans ( Phaseolus lunatus ), as well as the less widely distributed teparies ( Phaseolus acutifolius ), scarlet runner beans ( Phaseolus coccineus ) and polyanthus beans ( Phaseolus polyanthus ) One especially famous use of beans by pre-Columbian people as far north as the Atlantic seaboard is the " Three Sisters " method of companion plant cultivation:

This section describes what is generally referred to as the " classic RISC pipeline ", which in fact is quite common among the simple CPUs used in many electronic devices ( often called microcontroller ).

Investigating the discrepancies in border estimation, Richardson discovered what is now termed the Richardson Effect: the sum of the segments is inversely proportional to the common length of the segments.

In cases where the parties disagree on what the law is, a common law court looks to past precedential decisions of relevant courts.

This first connotation can be further differentiated into ( a ) pure common law arising from the traditional and inherent authority of courts to define what the law is, even in absence of an underlying statute, e. g., most criminal law and procedural law before the 20th century, and even today, most of contract law and the law of torts, and ( b ) court decisions that interpret and decide the fine boundaries and distinctions in law promulgated by other bodies.

Common law systems place great weight on court decisions, which are considered " law " with the same force of law as statutes — for nearly a millennium, common law courts have had the authority to make law where no legislative statute exists, and statutes mean what courts interpret them to mean.

* in the United States, determining whether the Seventh Amendment's right to a jury trial applies ( a determination of a fact necessary to resolution of a " common law " claim ) or whether the issue will be decided by a judge ( issues of what the law is, and all issues relating to equity ).

In a common law jurisdiction several stages of research and analysis are required to determine " what the law is " in a given situation.

Unlike Blackstone and the Restatements, Holmes ' book only briefly discusses what the law is ; rather, Holmes describes the common law process.

The large spindle-shaped genus Fusulina and its relatives were abundant in what is now Russia, China, Japan, North America ; other important genera include Valvulina, Endothyra, Archaediscus, and Saccammina ( the latter common in Britain and Belgium ).

One of the most common objections to rule-consequentialism is that it is incoherent, because it is based on the consequentialist principle that what we should be concerned with is maximizing the good, but then it tells us not to act to maximize the good, but to follow rules ( even in cases where we know that breaking the rule could produce better results ).

At the very least, category theoretic language clarifies what exactly these related areas have in common ( in some abstract sense ).

Nonetheless, common CL coding style does not favor the ubiquitous use of recursion that Scheme style prefers — what a Scheme programmer would express with tail recursion, a CL user would usually express with an iterative expression in,,, or ( more recently ) with the package.

It is also common to render only parts of the scene at high detail, and to remove objects that are not important to what is currently being developed.