In 1916, Gilbert N. Lewis formulated the octet rule, which concluded an octet of electrons in the outer shell was the most stable arrangement for any atom ; this arrangement caused them to be unreactive with other elements since they did not require any more electrons to complete their outer shell.

Period 2 elements obey the octet rule in that they need eight electrons to complete their valence shell.

The result is that chlorine will very often form a compound in which it has eight electrons in its outer shell ( a complete octet ).

These molecules often react so as to complete their octet: trivalent boron compounds are well known as Lewis acids which form a fourth bond with a Lewis base, and carbenes are even more reactive.

A trick is to count up valence electrons, then count up the number of electrons needed to complete the octet rule ( or with Hydrogen just 2 electrons ), then take the difference of these two numbers and your answer is the number of electrons that make up the bonds.

The same design principle was used by Hutchins to design a complete family of eight stringed instruments, commonly called the violin octet, of which the vertical viola has been the most successful.

" He received the Charles Ives Center award for his percussion quartet ( 1981 ), the DiLorenzo prize for the octet Daya ( 1985 ) for string quartet and clarinets, and the Morse Fellowship to complete his Symphony for Strings ( 1988 ).

So, it needs four more electrons to complete its octet.

The nitrogen molecule in ammonia has 5 valence electrons and bonds with three hydrogen atoms to complete the octet.

Reaction of base with a borohydride R < sub > 2 </ sub > BH does not result in deprotonation to the boryl anion R < sub > 2 </ sub > B < sup >-</ sup > but to formation of the boryl anion R < sub > 2 </ sub > B < sup >-</ sup > H ( base )< sup >+</ sup > because only this reaction path gives a complete octet.

Her first actual flight, for she and her kind had made mock flights on dummy panels since she was eight, showed her complete mastery of the techniques of her profession.

These had one standard Mark 112 octuple ASROC launcher, located immediately above a reload system holding an additional 16 assembled rounds ( two complete reloads of eight missiles apiece ).

" In June 1917, Chaplin signed to complete eight films for First National Exhibitors ' Circuit in return for $ 1 million.

Level of education for the enrollee averaged 3 % illiterate, 38 % less than eight years of school, 48 % did not complete high school, 11 % were high school graduates.

Dentists usually complete between five and eight years of post-secondary education before practising.

In order to graduate, a student must complete 35 total courses, eight to ten of which are typically part of a chosen major program.

A significantly different guitar-driven " We Don't Want To Die " mix appeared, with complete middle eight, on the limited edition 7-inch picture disc.

Rather, they are to be understood as eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour — mental, spoken, and bodily — that operate in dependence on one another ; taken together, they define a complete path, or way of living.

It took eight years to complete and would eventually culminate in 2000 pages of artwork.

In 1983, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation broadcast eight hour-long episodes for radio dramatising the complete Gormenghast Trilogy.

The quarter-frame messages are transmitted in a sequence of eight messages, thus a complete timecode value is specified every two frames.

The German Navy initially ordered eight complete Krupp units composed of six platforms each.

In most cases, visual functions return to near normal within eight to ten weeks, but they may also advance to a complete and permanent state of visual loss.

* 7-6-5-4-Joker is an eight-high straight, the bug becoming an eight rather than a three since both complete the straight but the eight is higher.

For example, playing for high, a natural four-straight such as Q-J-10-9 drawing one has nine outs to complete the hand, any king or eight or the bug.

By contrast a four-straight including the bug can have as many as sixteen outs to complete the straight-Q-J-10-Joker can catch any ace, king, nine, or eight.

Of the original programmes, only eight of the twenty-two episodes still survive complete.

On September 24, 2004 a Frankfurt, Germany concert was recorded at The Festhalle for DVD ( titled R30: Live in Frankfurt ), which was released November 22, 2005 ; a complete version of the R30 Frankfurt set ( the original DVD release omitted eight songs ) was released on Blu-ray on December 8, 2009.

However, it did eventually complete eight trips before cracking a cylinder.

State Street also has an Asian presence selling a complete range of financial services, with 3, 200 employees in eight cities throughout the Asia-Pacific region and headquarters located in Hong Kong.

On 6 June 1944, in the face of great adversity, the NCDUs at Omaha Beach managed to blow eight complete gaps and two partial gaps in the German defenses.

In the late 1990s they relented, and in September 1998 the opera was performed for eight nights at the Forbidden City, complete with opulent sets and soldiers from the People's Liberation Army as extras.

When the I / O channel commands are complete, the first group of eight bytes is then loaded into the processor's Program Status Word ( PSW ) and the startup program begins execution at the location designated by that PSW.

The repeating periodicity of the blocks of 2, 6, 10, and 14 elements within sections of the periodic table arises naturally from the total number of electrons which occupy a complete set of s, p, d and f atomic orbitals, respectively.

That same year, Walther Kossel put forward a theory similar to Lewis ' only his model assumed complete transfers of electrons between atoms, and was thus a model of ionic bonds.

Unlike the TEM, where electrons of the high voltage beam carry the image of the specimen, the electron beam of the scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) does not at any time carry a complete image of the specimen.

Furthermore, as noted by Bohr, Moseley's law provided a reasonably complete experimental set of data that supported the ( new from 1911 ) conception by Ernest Rutherford and Antonius Van den Broek of the atom, with a positively-charged nucleus surrounded by negatively-charged electrons in which the atomic number is understood to be the exact physical number of positive charges ( later discovered and called protons ) in the central atomic nuclei of the elements.

That resulted in the formulation of the so called Lorentz transformation by Joseph Larmor ( 1897, 1900 ) and Lorentz ( 1899, 1904 ), whereby it was noted by Larmor that the complete formulation of local time is accompanied by some sort of time dilation of moving electrons in the aether.

This means that most of the electrons are stopped by collisions with air molecules before they can complete one full circle of its spiral around the Earth's magnetic field lines.

The VFD used a hot filament to emit electrons and phosphor-coated anodes, like a cathode ray tube, shaped to represent segments of a digit, pixels of a graphical display, or complete letters, symbols, or words.

Close to the anode the electrons gain sufficient energy to ionize additional gas molecules, create a large number of electron avalanches which spread along the anode and effectively through the complete gas fill of the tube.

A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen, resulting in the formation of the free-radical superoxide, a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging.

The theory of semiconductor physics is constructed in such a fashion that – in a situation of complete thermodynamic equilibrium – the position of the Fermi level, relative to the band structure, determines both the density of electrons and the density of holes.

Period 1 elements obey the duet rule in that they need two electrons to complete their valence shell.

Atoms with a complete ( closed ) shell of valence electrons ( corresponding to an electron configuration s < sup > 2 </ sup > p < sup > 6 </ sup >) tend to be chemically inert.

A complete set of measurements ( two collector plate sums and one difference for protons, and one collector plate sum for electrons ) required 328 s. The experiment worked well from launch until its failure in July 1968.

A large enough dose of backscattered electrons can lead to complete exposure of resist over an area much larger than defined by the beam spot.

Two electrons are finally accepted by oxygen in the matrix to complete the electron transport chain.