where is the concentration of excited state molecules at time, is the initial concentration and is the decay rate or the inverse of the fluorescence lifetime.

Algae tend to grow very quickly under high nutrient availability, but each alga is short-lived, and the result is a high concentration of dead organic matter which starts to decay.

Reactions whose rate depends only on the concentration of one reactant ( known as first-order reactions ) consequently follow exponential decay.

A CRDS setup measures how long it takes for the light to decay to 1 / e of its initial intensity, and this " ringdown time " can be used to calculate the concentration of the absorbing substance in the gas mixture in the cavity.

Also, the fact that time measurements are over seconds rather than nanoseconds makes it easier than fluorescence lifetime measurements, and because photobleaching decay rates do not generally depend on donor concentration ( unless acceptor saturation is an issue ), the careful control of concentrations needed for intensity measurements is not needed.

Lake indicated high productivity of bio-chemical products ; with death and decay of algal blooms adding to the biochemical concentration.

Proponents of containing urban sprawl argue that sprawl leads to urban decay and a concentration of lower income residents in the inner city.

If the radiation measured has dropped by half between the 4 hour sample and the 24 hour sample we might think that the concentration of compound in that organ has dropped by half ; but applying the decay correct we see that the concentration is 0. 5 * 2. 82 so it has actually increased by 40 % in that period.

EPR spectroscopy can be applied only to systems in which the balance between radical decay and radical formation keeps the free-radicals concentration above the detection limit of the spectrometer used.

Spontaneous termination occurs because the concentration of carbanion centers decay over time and eventually results in hydride elimination.

The relationship between Kt / V and the concentration of urea C at the end of dialysis can be derived from the first-order differential equation that describes exponential decay and models the clearance of any substance from the body where the concentration of that substance decreases in an exponential fashion:

The numerical value of K < sub > a </ sub > is equal to the concentration of the products divided by the concentration of the reactants, where the reactant is the acid ( HA ) and the products are the conjugate base and H < sup >+</ sup >.

Several factors affect the activity of enzymes ( and other catalysts ) including temperature, pH, concentration of enzyme, substrate, and products.

Because of the toxicity of nitrite ( the lethal dose of nitrite for humans is about 22 mg per kg body weight ), the maximum allowed nitrite concentration in meat products is 200 ppm.

Although SLES is considered safe at the concentrations used in cosmetic products, it is an irritant similar to other detergents, with the irritation increasing with concentration.

* Salicylic acid can be prescribed by a dermatologist in a higher concentration than that found in over-the-counter products.

However, since the beginning of the 21st century, some cocoa derivatives with a low concentration of xanthines have been designed by specialized industry to be suitable for pet consumption, enabling the pet food industry to offer animal-safe chocolate and cocoa flavored products.

It results in products with a high concentration of fiber and proteins, while maintaining low concentrations of sugar and other carbohydrates, thus enabling it to be used to create healthy functional cocoa pet products.

Sulfates ( SO < sub > 4 </ sub >) in the soil or in groundwater, in sufficient concentration, can react with the Portland cement in concrete causing the formation of expansive products, e. g. ettringite or thaumasite, which can lead to early failure of the structure.

For hydroxides solubility products are often given in a modified form, K *< sub > sp </ sub >, using hydrogen ion concentration in place of hydroxide ion concentration.

This not only limits the lifetime of the reactor, but the systems that filter out the corrosion products and adjust the boric acid concentration add significantly to the overall cost of the reactor and to radiation exposure.

Some products labelled " antibacterial " kill bacteria while others may contain a concentration of active ingredient that only prevent them multiplying.

By regulation, OC products with a maximum OC concentration of 10 % and weight range of oleoresin of capsicum and inert ingredients of 15-60 grams are authorized.

Unlike many laxative products, Lubiprostone does not show signs of tolerance, dependency, or altered serum electrolyte concentration.

The dibutyl hydrogen phosphate can make the system behave in a more complex manner as it tends to extract metals by an ion exchange mechanism ( extraction favoured by low acid concentration ), to reduce the effect of the dibutyl hydrogen phosphate it is common for the used organic phase to be washed with sodium carbonate solution to remove the acidic degradation products of the tributyl phosphate.

Today, the active ingredient in some Preparation H products is phenylephrine in a 0. 25 % concentration, a drug that constricts blood vessels.

The concentration of condensation products is the same for the small particles and for the deposited surface layers of larger particles.

The inland water flows into dry watersheds where the water evaporates, leaving a high concentration of minerals and other inflow erosion products.

These evaporate minerals are a concentration of weathering products that have been left behind.

The process of bioremediation can be monitored indirectly by measuring the Oxidation Reduction Potential or redox in soil and groundwater, together with pH, temperature, oxygen content, electron acceptor / donor concentrations, and concentration of breakdown products ( e. g. carbon dioxide ).

As more and more products include recycled plastics, it has become critical to know the BFR concentration in these plastics, either by tracing the origins of the recycled plastics to establish the BFR concentrations, or by measuring the BFR concentrations from samples.

The efforts of various interest groups to control or influence governmental decisions, particularly when taken in conjunction with the impact of industralization, led to a concentration of attention on the legislative power and the means whereby policy could be formulated and enforced as law through bureaucratic institutions.

In welding, the positively charged anode will have a greater heat concentration, and as a result, changing the polarity of the electrode has an impact on weld properties.

The government often employs the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index ( HHI ) test for market concentration to determine whether the merger is presumptively anticompetitive ; if the HHI level for a particular merger exceeds a certain level, the government will investigate further to determine its probable competitive impact.

The degree of impact depends upon the concentration of ash in the plume, the length of time the aircraft spends within the plume and the actions taken by the pilots.

To increase concentration in their wines, they used the saignée technique to bleed off some of the grape juice before fermentation, to increase the impact of compounds in the skins on the remaining wine.

This technological impact specifically in the communications field will provide and dismiss the barrier between firms in the same industry located further away as well as nearby which would lead to a greater concentration of information flow and economic production and activity.

Epaminondas had ordered his troops to advance diagonally, such that the left wing of the Theban army ( with its concentration of forces ) would impact with the right wing of the Spartan army well before the other weaker phalanxes.

Further, the impact of racial concentration appears to be greatest for high achieving black students.

In welding, the positively charged anode will have a greater heat concentration and, as a result, changing the polarity of the electrode has an impact on weld properties.

Seeing the Nazi crimes committed at Ohrdruf made a powerful impact on Eisenhower, and he wanted the world to know what happened in the concentration camps.

It was appointed by President William McKinley to investigate railroad pricing policy, industrial concentration, and the impact of immigration on labor markets, and make recommendations to the President and Congress.

The graduate school emphasizes the impact of technology on business practice and offers PhD programs in Business and Accountancy, the Bentley MBA with 16 areas of concentration, an integrated MS + MBA, seven Master of Science degrees, and custom executive education programs.

The high concentration of power in a small volume of matter, which can be reached in this way results in very fast increase of temperature in the spot of impact causing the melting or even evaporation of any material, depending on working conditions.

This indicates that a change in the concentration of OMgp may have a sever impact on a sub-population of axons.

At the moment, for example, the debate on climate change is being informed largely from evaluations of climate simulators running on some of the largest computers in the world, which are being used to investigate the impact of a substantial increase in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.

They looked at the concentration of elements in bones to study the impact of the environment on such animals.

Conversely climate changes impact on the salt concentration in water bodies is expected to be unfavourable.

Non-climate factors include soil, tree age, fire, tree-to-tree competition, genetic differences, logging or other human disturbance, herbivore impact ( particularly sheep grazing ), pest outbreaks, disease, and CO < sub > 2 </ sub > concentration.

The discovery that these biotoxins have severe impact on mariculture, with biological effects to marine life at a concentration of 1 nanogram per liter ) led to their worldwide ban by the International Maritime Organization in October 2001 .. TBT in particular has been described as the most toxic pollutant ever deliberately released in the ocean.

Since hurricanes are the main source of extreme rainfall in the tropical oceans, past hurricane events can be dated to the days of their impact on the coral by looking at the increased < sup > 18 </ sup > O concentration within the coral.

The evidence for the Alvarez impact hypothesis is supported by chondritic meteorites and asteroids which contain a much higher iridium concentration than the Earth's crust.

Studies have shown that the concentration of poverty is self-perpetuating, thus some postulate that the hurricane may have a small positive impact on future poverty levels.