The concept of justice embodied in sharia is different from that of secular Western law.

Fundamental to the concept of secular humanism is the strongly held viewpoint that ideology — be it religious or political — must be thoroughly examined by each individual and not simply accepted or rejected on faith.

Social justice as a secular concept, distinct from religious teachings, emerged mainly in the late twentieth century, influenced primarily by philosopher John Rawls.

Weber claimed this distinction originated in the Protestant Reformation, but later became secularized, so the concept can be applied to both religious and secular ascetics.

# according to University of Leipzig professor and Bosnian Academy of Sciences and Arts member Edin Šarčević, the current legal structure of the agreement does not abide by the basic principles of international law and the secular concept of national citizenship, making the Bosnian territorial and political situation continually unstable and fractious since its implementation in 1995.

The secular concept is substantially different from societies that adhere to religious law, wherein " religious education " connotes the dominant academic study, and in typically religious terms, teaches doctrines which define social customs as " laws " and the violations thereof as " crimes ", or else misdemeanors requiring punitive correction.

In secular use, the concept refers mainly to the European intellectual movement known as the Age of Enlightenment, also called the Age of Reason referring to philosophical developments related to scientific rationality in the 17th and 18th centuries.

* Short list, an analogous secular concept

Dworkin concludes that " the tolerant secular model is preferable, although he invited people to use the concept of personal responsibility to argue in favor of the tolerant religious model.

In response to the challenges of integrating Jewish life with Enlightenment values, German Jews in the early 19th century began to develop the concept of Reform Judaism, adapting Jewish practice to the new conditions of an increasingly urbanized and secular community.

At the time when Marxism first emerged on the political scene, the concept of secular or atheistic communism did not yet exist.

Laïcité is currently a core concept in the French constitution, Article 1 of which formally states that France is a secular republic (" La France est une République indivisible, laïque, démocratique et sociale.

In reference to the secular scientific world view the concept is now generally considered superseded, being rooted in an attribution of materiality and dimensionality to the psychic world.

" The modern concept of a wholly secular government is sometimes credited to the writings of English philosopher John Locke, but the phrase " separation of church and state " in this context is generally traced to a January 1, 1802 letter by Thomas Jefferson, addressed to the Danbury Baptist Association in Connecticut, and published in a Massachusetts newspaper.

The apparent contradiction arising from the fact that political and practical Zionism were overwhelmingly secular, socialist and even atheist schools of thought, was resolved by the concept of " the Messiah's donkey " ( khamoro shel mashiakh ) whereby majority secular Zionism was seen as a temporary divine measure for the achievement of Jewish salvation.

The first scholars to use the concept of political religion ( or synonyms such as " secular religion ", " lay religion " or " public religion ") were Protestant and Catholic intellectuals and theologians, such as Luigi Sturzo, Adolf Keller, Paul Tillich, Gerhard

Some of Melton's criticisms concerning the secular anti-cult movement revolve around his rejection of the concept of brainwashing as an explanation of religious conversion and indoctrination.

One World appeared in both religious and secular publications alongside statements denying Germans ' complicity in the Holocaust, especially the concept of collective guilt.

According to Diamond, the defining concept of dominionism is " that Christians alone are Biblically mandated to occupy all secular institutions until Christ returns ".

On the other hand, some Muslim leaders are opposed to the secular concept of government and especially to a government controlled by former communists ( see Centers of Political Power, this ch .).

He made a fundamental contribution to the n-body problem in celestial mechanics by proving that using a third degree approximation for the disturbing forces implies instability of the major axes of the orbits, and by introducing the concept of secular perturbations in relation to this.

Secularism originated in Europe as series of movements that militated for a new, heretofore unheard-of concept called " secular Judaism ".

A secular state is a concept of secularism, whereby a state or country purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion.

Scurvy is a disease now known to be caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C, but in Lind's day, the concept of vitamins was unknown.

In Islam, which denies the existence of Original Sin in totality, the concept of Limbo exists as Barzakh, the state which exists after death, prior to the day of resurrection.

The first significant modern day Employment Law Act was the Equal Pay Act of 1970 although as it was a somewhat radical concept it did not come into effect until 1972.

The concept of sovereignty has been discussed throughout history, from the time of the Romans through to the present day.

The theory of relativity overturned the concept of motion from Newton's day, by positing that all motion is relative.

The concept of the eighth day was symbolic only and had no effect on the use of the seven-day week for calendar purposes.

The Note achieved its purpose: on the following day, 17 November, the No votes against chapter III dropped to 46, a number that may have included some who opposed it because they felt the Preliminary Note of Explanation had weakened the concept of collegiality.

Under a physical concept of capital, such as operating capability, capital is regarded as the productive capacity of the entity based on, for example, units of output per day.

Article 104 mandates that deprivation of personal liberty must be provided for by statute and authorised by a judge before the end of the day following the arrest ( analogous to the common law concept of Habeas corpus ), and that a relative or a person in the confidence of the prisoner must be notified of a judicial decision imposing detention.

It has been suggested that the concept may be based on Hy Brasil, a mythical land that can reputedly be seen off the coast of Ireland for one day in every seven years, as well as other paradise islands like Avalon, Saint Brendan's Island etc.

Thus the concept of Lebensraum was picked up and expanded by publicists of the day, including Karl Haushofer and General Friedrich von Bernhardi.

This type of computer programming is an important part of the Dynamic HTML ( DHTML ) concept, enabling web pages to be scripted ; that is, to have different and changing content depending on user input, environmental conditions ( such as the time of day ), or other variables.

Under a physical concept of capital, such as operating capability, capital is regarded as the productive capacity of the entity based on, for example, units of output per day.

The concept of Exile was first introduced in Survivor: Palau, when a single contestant was made to stay alone on a beach for a day as a result of being the first to drop out of an Immunity Challenge.

The Storting adopted the constitutional amendments on November 4 and on the same day unanimously elected Charles XIII king of Norway, rather than acknowledging him as such, thus reinforcing the concept a King by the will of the people.

" A writer was then selected to create an outline of the episode's concept – occasionally with some dialogue and jokes – in one day.

Simon Fuller has commented that he came upon the concept of S Club 7 the day after he was fired by the Spice Girls in 1997.

Ray Thomas's flute had been in evidence earlier (" I've Got A Dream ") on their debut album, however it became a far more featured instrument from this point onwards as they started incorporating distinct psychedelic influences, which was later developed in a concept album revolving around an archetypal day in the life of everyman.

The album was a song cycle or concept album that takes place over the course of a single day.

This basic concept has formed the basis of most distance measuring navigation systems to this day.

Arguments for the mean speed theorem ( above ) require the modern mathematical concept of limit, so Bradwardine had to use arguments of his day.

A similar double deck concept was used in Boeing's later Ultra-Large Aircraft study intended to replace the 747, but ultimately the double deck concept would not see the light of day until the Airbus A380 in the 2000s.