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concept and feedback
* Harold S. Black ( 1898 – 1983 ), invented the concept of negative feedback amplifiers in 1927.
" The concept of cyberspace therefore refers not to the content being presented to the surfer, but rather to the possibility of surfing among different sites, with feedback loops between the user and the rest of the system creating the potential to always encounter something unknown or unexpected.
The complementary dualistic concept in Taoism represents the reciprocal interaction throughout nature, related to a feedback loop, where opposing forces do not exchange in opposition but instead exchange reciprocally to promote stabilization similar to homeostasis.
* Constructive TA ( CTA ): This concept of TA, developed in the Netherlands, but also applied and discussed elsewhere attempts to broaden the design of new technology through feedback of TA activities into the actual construction of technology.
These characterizations stem from the ecosystem concept, which assumes that the phenomena under investigation ( interactions and feedback loops ) are sufficient to explain patterns within boundaries, such as the edge of a forest, an island, a shoreline, or some other pronounced physical characteristic.
BMW also experimented with a V-16, eventually showing a 9-litre (~ 550 CID ) version in the Rolls-Royce 100EX concept car, but it has been changed to a V12 for production due to the customer feedback.
This is consistent with the systems concept of feedback as a regulatory and corrective mechanism.
Others also explored the use of multi-rater feedback during this time period via the concept of T-groups.
From there, the idea of 360-degree feedback gained momentum, and by the 1990s most human resources and organizational development professionals understood the concept.
The positioning concept is shared with the target audience for feedback and optimization ; the Positioning Statement ( as defined below ) is a business person's articulation of the target audience qualified idea that would be used to develop a creative brief for an agency to develop advertising or a communications strategy.
The concept of a causality loop is functionally comparable to positive feedback, coproduction, and co-evolution, each of which describes how two or more variables of a system affect each other and therefore create each other, albeit with respect to different variables operating at different scales.
Co-production, causality loops, and positive feedback are also related to the concept of virtuous circle and vicious circle – when the co-production, causality loop, or positive feedback produces a desirable effect, systems change is described as a virtuous circle ; when they produce an undesirable effect, systems change is described as a vicious circle.
Gregory Bateson was the first to draw such analogies in his project of an Ecology of Mind ( Bateson 1973 ), which was based on general principles of complex dynamic life processes, e. g. the concept of feedback loops, which he saw as operating both between the mind and the world and within the mind itself.
In control theory, the concept of positive feedback describes the same phenomenon, with the problem of balancing an inverted pendulum being the classic embodiment.
Once they receive the creative brief from their account team, the creative team will concept ideas to take to their creative director for feedback.
This use of proof of concept helps establish viability, technical issues, and overall direction, as well as providing feedback for budgeting and other forms of internal decision making processes.
* Modern economic models incorporate the reaction of the public & market to the policy maker's actions ( through game theory ), and this feedback is included in modern models ( following the rational expectations revolution and Robert Lucas, Jr .' s critique of the optimal control concept of precise macroeconomic management ).
A central concept with automatic control is that of the system to be controlled, such as a rudder and its engine, a propeller and its motor or a ballistic missile with its jet or rocket engine and the feedback of control information from the measured speed, direction and heading in a closed loop to enable proper feed forward of propelling energy.
Simultaneous localization and mapping ( SLAM ) is a concept that binds these processes in a loop and therefore supports the continuity of both aspects in separated processes ; iterative feedback from one process to the other enhances the results of both consecutive steps.
Lovelock emphasizes a concept that life processes regulate the Earth through feedback mechanisms to keep it habitable.
His interest and involvement in jazz music inspired him to teach the concept of improvisation and ' thinking on one's feet ', and that through a feedback loop of experience, learning and practice, we can continually improve our work ( whether educational or not ) and become a ' reflective practitioner '.
The concept of computer ethics richa originated in 1950 when Norbert Wiener, an MIT professor and inventor of an information feedback system called " cybernetics ", published a book called " The Human Use of Human Beings " which laid out the basic foundations of computer ethics and made Norbert Wiener the father of computer ethics.

concept and loop
As such, the concept of loop gain is useful in a variety of disciplines.
The concept of a strange loop was proposed and extensively discussed by Douglas Hofstadter in Gödel, Escher, Bach, and is further elaborated in Hofstadter's book I Am a Strange Loop, published in 2007.
The " Ouroboros ", which depicts a dragon eating its own tail, is perhaps one of the most ancient and universal symbolic representations of the reflexive loop concept.
To describe such self-referencing objects, Hofstadter coins the term " strange loop ", a concept he examines in more depth in his follow-up book I Am a Strange Loop.
In the case of a closed path in the presence of a varying magnetic field, the integral of the electric field around a closed loop may be nonzero ; one common application of the concept of emf, known as " induced emf " is the voltage induced in a such a loop.
The endless loop tape concept continues to be used in modern movie projectors, although in that application the spool is actively rotated and not drawn by tension on the film.
Boyd's key concept was that of the decision cycle or OODA loop, the process by which an entity ( either an individual or an organization ) reacts to an event.
Countercurrent multiplication is a similar but different concept where liquid moves in a loop followed by a long length of movement in opposite directions with an intermediate zone.
In Canada, the Radburn concept was used in Winnipeg, Manitoba in the late 1940s and early 1950s in three communities: Wildwood Park in Fort Garry, consisting of ten bays ( loop streets ), Norwood Flats in St. Boniface, consisting of four bays, and Gaboury Place, a single bay in St. Boniface – totalling several hundred single family houses, all facing sidewalks and green spaces and backing onto short bays.
* Digital loop carrier, a concept in electronic communications
The OODA loop ( for observe, orient, decide, and act ) is a concept originally applied to the combat operations process, often at the strategic level in military operations.
The OODA loop has become an important concept in both business and military strategy.
Paola Zizzi has formulated a realization of this concept in what has come to be called " computational loop quantum gravity ", or CLQG.
Duff does not claim credit for discovering the concept of loop unrolling, just this particular expression of it in C.
The round trip time for the projectiles alone provides some safety margin ; in Hyde's concept design it takes each projectile over three hours to complete one loop, so even if the projectile stream was completely cut off ( by the destruction of the top or base station, for example ) there would be some time for evacuation of the remaining tower structure and regions that might be affected by significant pieces of falling debris.
However, infinite loops can sometimes be used purposely, often with an exit from the loop built into the loop implementation for every computer language, but many share the same basic structure and / or concept.

concept and control
I mean something more like Freud's concept of the utility of `` play '' to a small child: he plays `` house '' or `` doctor '' or `` fireman '' as a way of mastering slightly frightening experiences, reliving them imaginatively until they are under control.
In 1799 Sir George Cayley set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.
* Air traffic management, a concept in air navigation that includes air traffic control.
John Sladek used the concept to humorous ends in his first novel The Reproductive System ( 1968, also titled Mechasm in some markets ), where a U. S. military research project goes out of control.
The advantage of peer-to-peer networking is the easier control concept not requiring any additional coordination entity and not delaying transfers by routing via server entities.
* Command, control, and communications, a concept in military doctrine
Notable are the Relational and the Entity-relationship models, the atomic transaction concept and related Concurrency control techniques, Query languages and Query optimization methods, RAID, and more.
This term is specifically rejected by Lutheran churches and theologians since it creates confusion about the actual doctrine and subjects the doctrine to the control of a non-biblical philosophical concept in the same manner as, in their view, does the term " transubstantiation ".< ref > J. T.
While Fascism claimed that corporatism gave workers power alongside employer in workplaces in reality the concept of " Fuhrerprinzip " gave employers and State-appointed workplace managers absolute control over the workplace as dictated by the State-owned German Labor Front ; based on the Social Darwinist ideology that certain individuals are " gifted " and " born to rule ", employers thought to be part of that group.
Scientists contend that there is no evidence to support this belief, which has only come about because most people do not understand the concept of homeostasis because many non-scientists incorrectly see homeostasis as a process requiring conscious control.
By 1433, as a result of the defeat of the last countess of Holland in the Hook and Cod Wars, the Duke of Burgundy had assumed control over most of the Dutch-speaking territories and the concept of a nation of Dutch-speaking people was conceived.
With Interlingua an objective procedure is used to extract and standardize the most widespread word or words for a concept found in a set of control languages: English, French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese, with German and Russian as secondary references.
With all the Muslim dominated provinces except the Punjab under Jinnah ’ s control, the artificial concept of a separate Muslim State was turning into a reality.
The concept of a peaceful community of nations had been proposed as far back as 1795, when Immanuel Kant's Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch outlined the idea of a league of nations to control conflict and promote peace between states.
In 1947, the design of the MIT Whirlwind introduced the concept of a control store as a way to simplify computer design and move beyond ad hoc methods.
Introduced the concept of repressive desublimation, in which social control can operate not only by direct control, but also by manipulation of desire.
Created the concept of ideology in the sense of ( true or false ) beliefs that shape and control social actions.
In addressing the linguistic problem of naming, Edna Andrews says that using " inclusive " and " neutral " language is based upon the concept that " language represents thought, and may even control thought.
K. Eric Drexler later took the Feynman concept of a billion tiny factories and added the idea that they could make more copies of themselves, via computer control instead of control by a human operator, in his 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology.
Also furthering the concept of project control is the incorporation of process-based management.
* PID controller, a control concept used in automation.
" After Lenin's death in January 1924, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union – then increasingly under the control of Joseph Stalin – rejected the theory that socialism could not be built solely in the Soviet Union, in favour of the concept of Socialism in One Country.

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