B attempts to falsify A's conditional statement (" if Republican then against gun control ") by providing evidence he believes would contradict its implication.

The symbol is used to denote a conditional ( if / then ) statement.

This process ensures that each statement is expressed from seven different conditional and relative viewpoints or propositions, and thus it is known as theory of conditioned predication.

While it is one of the most commonly used concepts in logic it must not be mistaken for a logical law ; rather, it is one of the accepted mechanisms for the construction of deductive proofs that includes the " rule of definition " and the " rule of substitution " Modus ponens allows one to eliminate a conditional statement from a logical proof or argument ( the antecedents ) and thereby not carry these antecedents forward in an ever-lengthening string of symbols ; for this reason modus ponens is sometimes called the rule of detachment.

The first premise is the conditional " if-then " statement, namely that P implies Q.

A particular case of this is that an assignment statement such as cannot form part of the conditional expression of a conditional statement.

In imperative languages, this can be satisfied by having, at a minimum, conditional branching ( e. g., an " if " and " goto " statement ) and the ability to change arbitrary memory locations ( e. g., having variables ).

; Factoring out of invariants: If an expression is carried out both when a condition is met and is not met, it can be written just once outside of the conditional statement.

The HP 9100B ( 1968 ) had rudimentary conditional ( if ) statements, statement line numbers, jump statements ( go to ), registers that could be used as variables, and primitive subroutines.

More formally, a relatively well-defined usage refers to a conditional statement with a false antecedent.

Thus the term " syāt " should be prefixed before each proposition giving it a conditional point of view and thus removing any dogmatism in the statement.

Since it ensures that each statement is expressed from seven different conditional and relative view points or propositions, it is known as theory of conditioned predication.

; Parentheses: If there is parenthesized expression in a statement, it is a conditional expression, and the statement is processed only if the test has a value of ' true '.

A counterfactual conditional or subjunctive conditional is a conditional ( or " if-then ") statement indicating what would be the case if events had been other than they actually are.

A single conditional statement is made, and a hypothesis ( P ) is stated.

# P → Q ( conditional statement )

The law of syllogism takes two conditional statements and forms a conclusion by combining the hypothesis of one statement with the conclusion of another.

In classical logic, hypothetical syllogism is a valid argument form which is a syllogism having a conditional statement for one or both of its premises.

Statements such as the Banach – Tarski paradox can be rephrased as conditional statements, for example, " If AC holds, the decomposition in the Banach – Tarski paradox exists.

* Indicative conditional, a conditional in the form of " If A then B " in natural languages

Ethical egoists such as Rand who readily acknowledge the ( conditional ) value of others to an individual, and who readily endorse empathy for others, have argued the exact reverse from Rachels, that it is altruism which discriminates: " If the sensation of eating a cake is a value, then why is it an immoral indulgence in your stomach, but a moral goal for you to achieve in the stomach of others?

If two events A and B are independent, then the conditional probability of A given B is the same as the unconditional ( or marginal ) probability of A, that is,

where indicates the material conditional, according to which " If then " can be understood to mean " or ".

If generation of phenotypes is conditional, and dependent on external or environmental inputs, evolution can proceed by a " phenotype-first " route, with genetic change following, rather than initiating, the formation of morphological and other phenotypic novelties.

For example, substituting propositions in natural language for logical variables, the inverse of the conditional proposition, " If it's raining, then Sam will meet Jack at the movies " is " If it's not raining, then Sam will not meet Jack at the movies.

If a pair ( X, Y ) of random variables follows a bivariate normal distribution, the conditional mean E ( X | Y ) is a linear function of Y, and the conditional mean E ( Y | X ) is a linear function of X.

In natural languages, an indicative conditional is the logical operation given by statements of the form " If A then B ".

In order to directly prove a conditional statement of the form " If p, then q ", it suffices to consider the situations in which the statement p is true.

If is a conjunction that can introduce a conditional clause.

If more than one statement is to be controlled by the conditional in the example above, we can use BEGIN and END like this:

Lewis had previously suggested that the physical claim " There is a doorknob in front of me " necessarily entails the sensory conditional " If I should seem to see a doorknob and if I should seem to myself to be initiating a grasping motion, then in all probability the sensation of contacting a doorknob should follow ".

If the angels and the blessed without inconvenience to their free-will partake of an irresistible grace ( which is thus shown possible ), even who holds an at least conditional election of every human being ( Molinism and, despite notable academic success of Thomist grace theology within the Catholic pale, in practice the stand of Catholics ) needs to say that God could have rescued some and did not.

However, unlike most modern programming languages, conditional steps in OS JCL are not executed if the specified condition is true — thus giving rise to the mnemonic, " If it's true, pass on through running the code.

If the conditional jump is placed at the top of the loop, it will be not taken N-1 times and then taken once.

If we assign a uniform density to the joint distribution of Φ and Λ, what is its conditional density on a great circle?

If the coordinates are chosen so that the great circle is an equator ( latitude φ = 0 ), the conditional density for a longitude λ defined on the interval is

If the great circle is a line of longitude with λ = 0, the conditional density for φ on the interval is

The Mark I showed no influence from the Analytical Engine and lacked the Analytical Engine's most prescient architectural feature, conditional branching.

The Five articles of Remonstrance that Arminius's followers formulated in 1610 state the above beliefs regarding ( I ) conditional election, ( II ) unlimited atonement, ( III ) total depravity, ( IV ) total depravity and resistible grace, and ( V ) possibility of apostasy.

The conditional wave function of subsystem ( I ) is defined by:

then the conditional wave function of subsystem ( I ) is ( up to an irrelevant scalar factor ) equal to ( this is what Standard Quantum Theory would regard as the wave function of subsystem ( I )).

Then, again, the conditional wave function of subsystem ( I ) is ( up to an irrelevant scalar factor ) equal to and if the Hamiltonian does not contain an interaction term between subsystems ( I ) and ( II ), satisfies a Schrödinger equation.

But Diodorus argued that a true conditional is what could not possibly begin with a truth and end with falsehood – thus the conditional quoted above could be false if it were day and I became silent.

I. e., conditional on the present state of the system, its future and past are independent.

Sometimes it went as far as being a conditional exchange as this old ( and today outdated ) German formula shows: ' I give you this ring as a sign of the marriage which has been promised between us, provided your father gives with you a marriage portion of 1000 Reichsthalers '.

Here Q < sub > Y | X </ sub >( y | x ), sometimes called a test channel, is the conditional probability density function ( PDF ) of the communication channel output ( compressed signal ) Y for a given input ( original signal ) X, and I < sub > Q </ sub >( Y ; X ) is the mutual information between Y and X defined as

The Declaration of London, drafted at the London Naval Conference of 1908 – 1909, and made partly effective by most of the European maritime nations at the outbreak of World War I, established comprehensive classifications of absolute and conditional contraband.

( see also counterfactual conditional ), the justified true belief came about, if Smith's purported claims are disputable, as the result of entailment ( but see also material conditional ) from justified false beliefs that " Jones will get the job " ( in case I ), and that " Jones owns a Ford " ( in case II ).

It was formed after the Holy Roman Emperor and Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria reestablished Roman Catholicism in Donauwörth in 1607 and after a majority of the Reichstag had decided in 1608 that the renewal of the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 should be conditional upon the restoration of all church land appropriated since 1552.

The latter can have a large feature set — approaching that of Basic as found in computers — including character and string manipulation, advanced conditional and branching statements, sound, graphics, and more including, of course, the huge spectrum of mathematical, string, bit-manipulation, number base, I / O, and graphics functions built into the machine.

One example is that, in contrast with Polish, Silesian retains the pluperfect ( — " I had slipped ") and separate past conditional ( — " I would have slipped ").

This was converted by a pre-compile Assembly that expanded the conditional assembly language macros to their COBOL or PL / I CALL statement equivalents.

Individual ( H ( X ), H ( Y )), joint ( H ( X, Y )), and conditional entropies for a pair of correlated subsystems X, Y with mutual information I ( X ; Y ).

The German Konjunktiv I / II (" er habe " / " er hätte ") is also used more regularly in written form being replaced by the conditional (" er würde geben ") in colloquial language, although in some southern German dialects the Konjunktiv II is used more often.