The Supreme Court stated: " To read the Article II powers of the President as providing an absolute privilege as against a subpoena essential to enforcement of criminal statutes on no more than a generalized claim of the public interest in confidentiality of nonmilitary and nondiplomatic discussions would upset the constitutional balance of ' a workable government ' and gravely impair the role of the courts under Article III.

In August 2006, the Washington Post reported that Ashcroft's firm had 30 clients, many of which made products or technology aimed at homeland security, and about a third of which the firm has not disclosed, to protect client confidentiality.

A non-disclosure agreement ( NDA ), also known as a confidentiality agreement ( CA ), confidential disclosure agreement ( CDA ), proprietary information agreement ( PIA ), or secrecy agreement, is a legal contract between at least two parties that outlines confidential material, knowledge, or information that the parties wish to share with one another for certain purposes, but wish to restrict access to or by third parties.

This fact raises several ethical debates: the age at which an individual is considered mature enough to choose testing ; whether parents have the right to have their children tested ; and managing confidentiality and disclosure of test results.

" Providing quality data, for public good — while respecting individual privacy and, at the same time, protecting confidentiality — is the Census Bureau's core responsibility ", " Keeping the public's trust is critical to the Census's ability to carry out the mission as the leading source of quality data about the Nation's people and economy.

After leaving with the documents, Wigand appears at a meeting with Brown & Williamson CEO Thomas Sandefur ( Gambon ), who orders him to sign an expanded confidentiality agreement, under threat of revoking his severance pay and medical coverage and initiating legal proceedings.

A lawyer at the meeting claims that Wigand ’ s confidentiality agreement, combined with Big Tobacco ’ s unlimited checkbook, would effectively silence Wigand under mountains of litigation and massive legal fees.

They included: receptionist Donna Parmar's breaking patient confidentiality and her sacking from the Mill ( 2007 ), Dr. Nick West's car crash and later death ( 2008 ), and receptionist Vivien March's rape in 2008, which caused a stir in the media and received recognition at The British Soap Awards in 2009.

In some senses, it doesn't provide serious message confidentiality, and it is not recommended for use in cryptographic protocols at all.

TLS and SSL encrypt the segments of network connections at the Application Layer for the Transport Layer, using asymmetric cryptography for key exchange, symmetric encryption for confidentiality, and message authentication codes for message integrity.

Woodward reported in his book that, according to Mr. Kaplan, everyone at the meeting signed confidentiality agreements not to discuss what happened.

The Declaration says at article 11, " It is the duty of physicians who participate in medical research to protect the life, health, dignity, integrity, right to self-determination, privacy, and confidentiality of personal information of research subjects.

Although this book provides valuable insight into the character and life of Mary Todd Lincoln, at the time the former First Lady ( and much of the public and press ) regarded it as a breach of friendship and confidentiality.

California is famous for having one of the strongest duties of confidentiality in the world ; its lawyers must protect client confidences at " every peril to himself or herself.

Recent legislation in the UK curtails the confidentiality professionals like lawyers and accountants can maintain at the expense of the state.

In Campbell v MGN Ltd, the House of Lords held that the Daily Mirror had breached Naomi Campbell ’ s confidentiality rights by publishing reports and pictures of her attendance at Narcotics Anonymous meetings.

On June 26, 2012, a judge of Oslo District Court apologized for the court's hearing of testimony ( on June 14, regarding contact with Child Welfare Services ( Norway )) that was covered by confidentiality ( that had not been waived at that point of the trial of Anders Behring Breivik ).

On May 9, 2001, twenty government workers from military and civilian organizations spoke about their experiences regarding UFOs and UFO confidentiality at the National Press Club in Washington D. C ..

In April, he resigned from the Chilean Davis Cup team, citing a violation of a confidentiality agreement, after the local tennis federation disclosed the amount of money won by the players at the tie against Australia.

The Chatham House Rule is a core principle that governs the confidentiality of the source of information received at a meeting.

This led Dr. Reiffel to break his anonymity and write a letter to the journal confirming that Sagan's activity had at the time been considered a breach in the confidentiality of the project.

The set of security services provided at the IP layer includes access control, data origin integrity, protection against replays, and confidentiality.

End-to-end encryption ( E2EE ) is an uninterrupted protection of the confidentiality and integrity of transmitted data by encoding it at its starting point and decoding it at its destination.

The Federal police began an investigation on the case, which soon spiralled into yet another scandal in the Lula administration: a series of officials and directors at the Caixa Econômica Federal ( a state bank ) confessed to having violated Francenildo's account's confidentiality following superior orders.

Anyone who attends its meetings must sign a confidentiality agreement.

The Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland provided that the confidentiality of meetings of the cabinet would not prevent the High Court from ordering that certain information be disclosed when this was in the public interest.

In 1992, during the enquiries of a tribunal into political corruption, the Supreme Court ruled that, as the constitution stood, the confidentiality of meetings of the Government ( the Republic's cabinet ) was unbreachable and absolute.

Directors, in Board meetings on July 26, August 9, and 23, have outlined that they are bound by confidentiality in their collective agreement with CUPE 5396, and can not disclose the justifications for terminating the employee.

In a letter to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Fielding claimed certain papers relating to discussion of the friendly-fire shooting “ implicate Executive Branch confidentiality interests ” and would therefore not be turned over to the committee.

" While most individual sources may expect confidentiality, the Government offers no explanation, other than administrative ease, why that expectation always should be presumed.

* ensuring the integrity, availability and confidentiality of official information through information systems security services to Government ; and

:: With respect to tax advice, the same common law protections of confidentiality which apply to a communication between a taxpayer and an attorney shall also apply to a communication between a taxpayer and any federally authorized tax practitioner to the extent the communication would be considered a privileged communication if it were between a taxpayer and an attorney.

It is not a medieval mental quirk or an attitude `` unnourished by sense '' to believe that husbands and wives should not be subjected to such a risk, or that such a possibility should not be permitted to endanger the confidentiality of the marriage relationship.

It has dictation header information and can be encrypted ( as may be required by medical confidentiality laws ).

If one key cannot be deduced from the other, the asymmetric key algorithm has the public / private key property and one of the keys may be made public without loss of confidentiality.

As the final product does not contain any protected microdata, the model based interactive software can be distributed without any confidentiality concerns.

Typical rules concern restrictions on the availability of funds to retail investors ( Dublin ), protection of client confidentiality ( Luxembourg ) and the requirement for the fund to be independent of the fund manager.

The American Psychological Association's code of conduct states: " Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination ," but also: " Psychologists are aware that special safeguards may be necessary to protect the rights and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making.

In Commonwealth common law jurisdictions, confidentiality and trade secrets are regarded as an equitable right rather than a property right ( with the exception of Hong Kong where a judgment of the High Court indicates that confidential information may be a property right ).

These are in addition to the hardware and software decisions ( like content management systems ), participation issues ( like good taste, harassment, confidentiality ), and features to be supported.

These technologies ' implementation can and does depend on the needs of the business and the sensitivity / confidentiality of the data to be stored in the database, and hence the price the business is willing to spend on ensuring data security, consistency and integrity.

By not keeping any list of users and corresponding anonymizing labels for them, a remailer can ensure that any message that has been forwarded leaves no internal information behind that can later be used to break identity confidentiality.

It provides an enhanced mechanism to enforce the separation of information based on confidentiality and integrity requirements, which allows threats of tampering and bypassing of application security mechanisms to be addressed and enables the confinement of damage that can be caused by malicious or flawed applications.

Unless the caller gives consent to pass on information, confidentiality will be broken only in rare circumstances, such as when Samaritans receives bomb or terrorism warnings, to call an ambulance because a caller appears to be incapable of making rational decisions for him or herself, or when the caller is threatening volunteers or deliberately preventing the service being delivered to other callers.

* Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. — a ruling in the USA that a reporter's promise of a source's confidentiality may be enforced in court.

The applicability of a legal theory has emerged, one known as tortious interference: if two parties have an agreement, such as a confidentiality agreement, and one of those parties is induced by a third party to break that agreement, the third party can be sued by the other parties for any damages.

After observing that compositing a confidentiality mode with an authenticity mode could be difficult and error prone, the cryptographic community began to supply modes which combined confidentiality and data integrity into a single cryptographic primitive.

Fleming uses blackmail, telling Kirkland an old violation of lawyer-client confidentiality will be reviewed by the ethics committee and Arthur likely will be disbarred if he refuses to represent Fleming.

With all of the other participants, there can not be any guarantee of confidentiality.

McGee offers the example of Richard Nixon ’ s attempt to defend his decision not to turn over documents to Congress during the Watergate investigation by invoking “ the principle of confidentiality .” Recognizing that his refusal to submit to Congress could be seen as a violation of the “ rule of law ,” Nixon pitted “ the principle of confidentiality ” against the “ rule of law ,” despite the fact that these two ideographs would, in the abstract, not likely be seen as in conflict with one another ..