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The constitutions of some countries contain provisions expressly forbidding the state from engaging in certain acts of religious intolerance or preference within its own borders ; examples include The First Amendment of the United States Constitution-( the exception being " manifest destiny " which was manufactured by the prevailing powers as well as the church, to suspend this " right " for all North American indigenous peoples, most notably during the 1800s and well into the 1900s.
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constitutions and some
State constitutions may grant certain rights above and beyond what are granted under the United States Constitution and may impose their own obligations including the sovereign right of taxation and military service ; each state maintains at least one military force subject to national militia transfer service, the state's national guard, and some states maintain a second military force not subject to nationalization.
His propositions of legal reform ( which were not established in his life time ), though, are considered to have been one of the influences behind the Napoleonic Code, and therefore could show some resemblance with or influence in the drafting of other liberal constitutions that came in the centuries after Bacon's lifetime, such as the American.
The older the constitution, the more constitutional leeway tends to exist for a head of state to exercise greater powers over government, as many older parliamentary system constitutions in fact give heads of state powers and functions akin to presidential or semi-presidential systems, in some cases without containing reference to modern democratic principles of accountability to parliament or even to modern governmental offices.
In a republic, the head of state is nowadays usually styled President, and usually their permanent constitutions provide for election, but many have or had other titles and even specific constitutional positions ( see below ), and some have used simply ' head of state ' as their only formal title.
Because such constitutions are not exclusive of a competent understanding of the true state of the circumstances in which the deed is done, nor of the subsistence of some steady and evil passion, grounded in those circumstances, and directed to a certain object.
The doctrine was specifically enshrined in some state constitutions, and by 1803 it had been employed in both State and Federal courts in actions dealing with state statutes, but only insofar as the statutes conflicted with the language of state constitutions.
The right not to be subjected to unsanctioned invasion of privacy by the government, corporations or individuals is part of many countries ' privacy laws, and in some cases, constitutions.
Muslim states using classical sharia: Saudi Arabia and some of the Gulf states do not have constitutions or legislatures.
The constitutions of the various states differ in some details but generally follow a pattern similar to that of the federal Constitution, including a statement of the rights of the people and a plan for organizing the government.
However, uncodified conventions, practices and precedents continue to play a significant role in most countries, as many constitutions do not specify important elements of procedure: for example, some older constitutions using the Westminster system do not mention the existence of the cabinet and / or the prime minister, because these offices were taken for granted by the authors of these constitutions.
* Dismissal — some constitutions allow a Head of state ( or their designated representative, as is the case in Commonwealth countries ) to dismiss a Head of government, though its use can be controversial, as occurred in 1975 when then Australian Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, dismissed Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in the Australian Constitutional Crisis.
The U. S. state courts are not subject to the Article III limitations on their jurisdiction, and some state courts are permitted by their local constitutions and laws to render opinions in moot cases where the establishment of a legal precedent is desirable.
From 1890 to 1908, 10 Southern states wrote new constitutions with provisions that included literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses that permitted otherwise disqualified voters whose grandfathers voted ( thus allowing some white illiterates to vote ), some with the aim and effect of re-imposing racially motivated restrictions on the voting process that disenfranchised blacks.
Between 1823 and 1824, some of the free states created their own constitutions and others had already installed a Constituent Congress.
Australia, Canada, India, Mexico and the United States have federal systems, and have constitutions ( as do some of their constituent states or provinces ).
The means by which the Constitution was adopted resembled, in some respects, the way in which constitutions were granted to other Commonwealth nations.
The Armenian Apostolic Church is one of a few apostolic churches in the world to have a democratic system ; the people decide if they want to keep priests in their churches and may ask for different ones, as do some other ecclesiastical constitutions, such as Baptists and other Congregational churches.
The special procedures for the amendment of some constitutions have proven to be so exacting that either few ( Australia ) or no proposed amendments ( i. e. Japan ) have been passed over a period of several decades.
Under some of these constitutions there must be a dissolution of the legislature and an immediate general election on the occasion that an amendment is adopted for the first time.
Unlike the UK, most continental European member states have written constitutions and some have constitutional courts with the exclusive power to interpret the national constitution.
constitutions and countries
While most of the settler colonies and the smaller states of the Caribbean retained this system, it was rejected by the newly independent countries in Africa and Asia, which revised their constitutions and became republics.
In many western countries this right is mentioned in national constitutions.
Muslim states with blended sources of law: Muslim countries including Pakistan, Indonesia, Afghanistan, Egypt, Sudan and Morocco have legal systems strongly influenced by sharia, but also cede ultimate authority to their constitutions and the rule of law.
Some of the largest Muslim countries, including Indonesia and Bangladesh have largely secular constitutions and laws, but with Islamic law provisions in family law.
The constitutions of various countries codify views as to the purposes, powers, and forms of their governments, but they tend to do so in rather vague terms, which particular laws, courts, and actions of politicians subsequently flesh out.
Itō went to Europe in 1882 to study the constitutions of those countries, spending nearly 18 months away from Japan.
In countries with federal constitutions, there is a division of power between the central government and the component states.
A basic law is either a codified constitution, or in countries with uncodified constitutions, a law given to have constitution powers and effect.
For example, the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act is a normal piece of legislation, it is not superior law as written constitutions are in some other countries.
Soviet constitutions were frequently amended and had been changed more often than the constitutions of most Western countries.
Unlike Western constitutions, the Soviet Constitution outlined limitations on political rights, whereas in democratic countries these limitations are usually left up to the legislative and / or judicial institutions.
It was based extensively on the constitutions of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries.
The inclusion of this in the Constitution is somewhat unusual: the constitutions of many countries leave the question of citizenship to be resolved by the legislature.
In some countries, trade unions generally have constitutions, which govern activities of the international office of the union as well as how it interfaces with its locals.
Some countries have provisions in their constitutions that provide the public with the right to be free from " unreasonable " search and seizure.
Different from the United States, where academic freedom is derived from the guarantee of free speech under the First Amendment, constitutions of other countries ( and particularly of civil law jurisdictions ) typically grant a separate right to free learning, teaching, and research.
In countries with federal constitutions, power is divided between that of subnational states and a federal government.
It is common in countries whose constitutions are based on the Westminster system.
constitutions and contain
Many constitutions contain provisions to curtail freedoms and criminalize otherwise tolerated behaviors under a state of emergency in the event of war, natural disaster or civil unrest.
All three constitutions contain, in the section on Principles, the sentence, " The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable ", echoing Jefferson's famous phrase.
Moreover, all state constitutions contain an analogous provision.
However, both versions of the Australia Act contain amendments to the constitutions of Queensland ( s 13 ) and Western Australia ( s 14 ).
Second, virtually all state constitutions also contain provisions regarding search and seizure.
Generic constitutions contain the following introduction:
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