Several organizations, such as the American Association of Variable Star Observers and Center for Backyard Astrophysics, exist to help coordinate these contributions.

It is because of these and other contributions that Antoine Lavoisier is often celebrated as the " Father of Modern Chemistry ".

All these contributions involve proofs that the models are computationally equivalent to the Turing machine ; such models are said to be Turing complete.

The first of these shows the importance of women ’ s past contributions to society, and the second strives to teach women of all estates how to cultivate useful qualities in order to counteract the growth of misogyny.

However, it remains difficult to find a solution to the coronal heating problem as these structures are being observed remotely, where many ambiguities are present ( i. e. radiation contributions along the LOS ).

Light incident at a given point in the space downstream of the slit is made up of contributions from each of these point sources and if the relative phases of these contributions vary by 2π or more, we may expect to find minima and maxima in the diffracted light.

All these contributions are then added together, and the magnitude of the final result is squared, to get the probability distribution for the position of a particle:

During their lifetimes, these chefs have been held in high regard for contributions to the culture of the country.

According to their claims, these rosicrucian communities " made valuable contributions to the newly emerging American culture in the fields of printing, philosophy, the sciences and arts ".

Most of these projects had small editorial budgets, and relied in part, or occasionally entirely, on contributions from fellow Futurians for their contents.

It was due to the efforts of Dr. Salim Ali that these contributions of Jahangir were rediscovered.

In fact, it is argued that these new contributions to traditional myths add value and meaning to the stories for new generations ( Matira, " Children's Oral Literature and Modern Mass Media ", 55-57 ).

Among these is who is considered the patriarch of Russian geography: Mikhail Lomonosov who in the mid-1750s began working in the Department of Geography, Academy of Sciences to conduct research in Siberia, their contributions are notable in this regard, shows the soil organic origin, develops a comprehensive law on the movement of the ice that still governs the basics, thereby founding a new branch of Geography: Glaciology.

Hence, if social security benefits are portable, contributors to, for example, old-age pension schemes do not experience any disadvantage such as the loss of contributions and benefits associated with these contributions when moving from one job to another, from one occupation to another, or from the public to the private sector.

Examination of these contributions indicates that Protestants, Catholics, and Jews are divided among themselves in their beliefs, and that there is no unanimity among the members of any religious establishment as to this subject.

Few scholars still accept these texts as reliable sources ; historians today rely more on archaeology and numismatics, disciplines that have made valuable contributions toward understanding the period.

Although few scholars still accept these texts as reliable sources, historians nowadays rely more on archeology and numismatics, disciplines that have made valuable contributions toward understanding the period.

Similar to the provisions of a Roth IRA these contributions are made on an after-tax basis and all earnings on these funds not only are tax-deferred but could be tax-free upon a qualified distribution.

If the employee made after-tax contributions to the non-Roth 401k account, these amounts are commingled with the pre-tax funds and simply add to the non-Roth 401 ( k ) basis.

As with the matching funds, these contributions are also made on a pre-tax basis.

While the Scottish Enlightenment is traditionally considered to have concluded toward the end of the 18th century, disproportionately large Scottish contributions to British science and letters continued for another 50 years or more, thanks to such figures as the mathematicians and physicists James Clerk Maxwell, Lord Kelvin, and the engineers and inventors James Watt and William Murdoch, whose work was critical to the technological developments of the Industrial Revolution throughout Britain.

Bernhard Riemann, Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and a number of significant mathematicians made their contributions to mathematics here.

Other mathematicians, such as Swiss Leonhard Euler and Italian Joseph Louis Lagrange also made essential contributions in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Nunes, considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of his time, is best known for his contributions in the technical field of navigation, which was crucial to the Portuguese period of discoveries.

Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (; 13 February 1805 – 5 May 1859 ) was a German mathematician with deep contributions to number theory ( including creating the field of analytic number theory ), and to the theory of Fourier series and other topics in mathematical analysis ; he is credited with being one of the first mathematicians to give the modern formal definition of a function.

As the result of local contributions by Bernard Dwork, John Tate, Michiel Hazewinkel and a local and global reinterpretation by Jürgen Neukirch and also in relation to the work on explicit reciprocity formulas by many mathematicians, a very explicit and cohomology free presentation of class field theory was established in the nineties, see e. g. the book of Neukirch.

The following mathematicians and computer scientists have made significant contributions to the field of experimental mathematics:

Noether is the family name of several mathematicians, and the name given to some of their mathematical contributions:

There were in the region of 30 to 40 leading mathematicians who made major contributions, about half of those being in fact Italian.

Starting with the integer arithmetic developed in India using base 10 notation, Al-Khwārizmī along with other mathematicians in medieval Islam, both Iranian and Arabic, documented new arithmetic methods and made many other contributions to decimal arithmetic ( see the articles linked below ).

* Kozaczuk, Władysław, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War II, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, 1984: a history of cryptological efforts against Enigma, concentrating on the contributions of Polish mathematicians Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski ; of particular interest to specialists will be several technical appendices by Rejewski.

His contributions to this topic are particularly important, since the rules he gives are ( in effect ) the same as those given by the renaissance European mathematicians of the 17th century, yet his work was of the 12th century.

In 2012, Szemerédi was awarded the Abel prize “ for his fundamental contributions to discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science, and in recognition of the profound and lasting impact of these contributions on additive number theory and ergodic theory ” The Abel prize citation also credited Szemerédi with bringing combinatorics to the centre-stage of mathematics and noted his place in the tradition of Hungarian mathematicians such as George Pólya who emphasized a problem-solving approach to mathematics.

* Jeffery-Williams Prize to recognize mathematicians who have made outstanding contributions to mathematical research.

* Coxeter – James Prize to recognize young mathematicians who have made outstanding contributions to mathematical research.

After Holmboe wrote a review of the first textbook for the newspaper Morgenbladet, in which he advised schools not to use it, a public debate followed, with contributions from other mathematicians.

The biographies and contributions of these mathematicians were documented in 1980 by their contemporary Kazimierz Kuratowski in his book A Half Century of Polish Mathematics: Remembrances and Reflections.

He and Brahmagupta are one of the most renowned Indian mathematicians who made considerable contributions to the study of fractions.

Notable contributions from TIFR mathematicians include Raghavan Narasimhan's proof of the imbedding of open Riemann surfaces in, C. S. Seshadri's work on projective modules over polynomial rings and M. S. Narasimhan's results in the theory of pseudo differential operators.

Several mathematicians who have made contributions to the development of mathematics have hailed from the country of Wales.

Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of zero as a number, negative numbers, arithmetic, and algebra.

Abu Kamil was one of the earliest mathematicians to recognize al-Khwarizmi's contributions to algebra, defending him against Ibn Barza who attributed the authority and precedent in algebra to his grandfather, ʿAbd al-Hamīd ibn Turk.