In copyright law, there is a necessity for little flexibility as to what constitutes authorship.

Any person or entity wishing to use intellectual property held under copyright must receive permission from the copyright holder to use this work, and often will be asked to pay for the use of copyrighted material.

As well, how does copyright apply to fan-generated stories for books?

The property was wholly disencumbered in 1847 by Robert Cadell, the publisher, who cancelled the bond upon it in exchange for the family's share in the copyright of Sir Walter's works.

The terms of the Artistic License 1. 0 were at issue in a 2007 federal district court decision in the US which was criticized by some for suggesting that FOSS-like licenses could only be enforced through contract law rather than through copyright law, in contexts where contract damages would be difficult to establish.

* 1667 – The blind and impoverished John Milton sells the copyright of Paradise Lost for £ 10.

Arrangers in pop music recordings often add parts for orchestral or band instruments involving new material such that the arrangers may reasonably be considered co-composers, although for copyright and royalty purposes usually are not.

While the creator of the NES version would be restricted from making a competitive version of an NES game, the original arcade copyright holder was not precluded from licensing out rights for a home version of an arcade game to multiple systems.

The notorious Rusty n Edie's BBS, in Boardman, Ohio, was raided by the FBI in January 1993 for software piracy, and later sued by Playboy for copyright infringement in November 1997.

Lotus Development, under the leadership of Jim Manzi sued Borland for copyright infringement ( see " look and feel ").

In 2000, after the U. S. version of the CBS program " Big Brother " premiered, the Estate of George Orwell sued CBS and its production company " Orwell Productions, Inc ." in federal court in Chicago for copyright and trademark infringement.

Generally, it is " the right to copy ", but also gives the copyright holder the right to be credited for the work, to determine who may adapt the work to other forms, who may perform the work, who may financially benefit from it, and other related rights.

Copyright initially was conceived as a way for government to restrict printing ; the contemporary intent of copyright is to promote the creation of new works by giving authors control of and profit from them.

Typically, the duration of copyright is the whole life of the creator plus fifty to a hundred years from the creator's death, or a finite period for anonymous or corporate creations.

Some take the approach of looking for coherent justifications of established copyright systems, while others start with general ethical theories, such as utilitarianism and try to analyse policy through that lens.

Another approach denies the meaningfulness of any ethical justification for existing copyright law, viewing it simply as a result ( and perhaps an undesirable result ) of political processes.

Similarly, different cultural attitudes, social organizations, economic models and legal frameworks are seen to account for why copyright emerged in Europe and not, for example, in Asia.

The Statute of Anne was the first real copyright act, and gave the publishers rights for a fixed period, after which the copyright expired.

The Copyright Clause of the United States Constitution ( 1787 ) authorized copyright legislation: " To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.

A right to profit from the work has been the philosophical underpinning for much legislation extending the duration of copyright, to the life of the creator and beyond, to his heirs.

There is controversy over the copyright status of many of Lovecraft's works, especially his later works.

The United States Copyright Office defines copyright as " a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States ( title 17, U. S. Code ) to authors of " original works of authorship ".

Holding the title of " author " over any " literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, certain other intellectual works " give rights to this person, the owner of the copyright, exclusive right to do or authorize any production or distribution of their work.

Under the Berne Convention, copyrights for creative works do not have to be asserted or declared, as they are automatically in force at creation: an author need not " register " or " apply for " a copyright in countries adhering to the Berne Convention.

As soon as a work is " fixed ", that is, written or recorded on some physical medium, its author is automatically entitled to all copyrights in the work, and to any derivative works unless and until the author explicitly disclaims them, or until the copyright expires.

For example, the copyright to a Mickey Mouse cartoon restricts others from making copies of the cartoon or creating derivative works based on Disney's particular anthropomorphic mouse, but does not prohibit the creation of other works about anthropomorphic mice in general, so long as they are different enough to not be judged copies of Disney's.

Copyright law recognises the right of an author based on whether the work actually is an original creation, rather than based on whether it is unique ; two authors may own copyright on two substantially identical works, if it is determined that the duplication was coincidental, and neither was copied from the other.

The proper copyright notice for sound recordings of musical or other audio works is a sound recording copyright symbol (< font size =" 5 "></ font >, the letter p inside a circle ), which indicates a sound recording copyright, with the letter p indicating a " phonorecord ".

Expansion of U. S. copyright law ( Assuming authors create their works at age 35 and live for seventy years )

In addition, works published before 1964 that did not have their copyrights renewed 28 years after first publication year also are in the public domain, except that books originally published outside the US by non-Americans are exempt from this requirement, if they are still under copyright in their home country ( see How Can I Tell Whether a Copyright Was Renewed for more details ).

Some works are covered by copyright in Spain for 80 years after the author's death.

Copying such works may therefore violate the author's copyright.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the copyright holders of the Conan franchise permitted Howard's stories to go out of print entirely, while continuing to sell Conan works by other authors.

" By exchanging limited exclusive rights for disclosure of inventions and creative works, society and the patentee / copyright owner mutually benefit, and an incentive is created for inventors and authors to create and disclose their work.

Another limitation of current U. S. Intellectual Property legislation is its focus on individual and joint works ; thus, copyright protection can only be obtained in ' original ' works of authorship.

While constructed languages (" conlangs ") are viewed as creations with copyright protection, natural languages are not protected, excluding dictionaries and / or other works created with them.

In these contexts, libre encompasses the essential freedoms defined in the free software definition, and is used to describe works which may be used, modified, copied and shared without permission from the copyright holder.

For example, in English law the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 provides that if a copyrighted work is made by an employee in the course of that employment, the copyright is automatically owned by the employer which would be a " Work for Hire.

In copyright law, European directive 2004 / 48 / EC on the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights bases damages on, " the amount of royalties which would have been due if the infringer has requested authorisation ".

After this, Toho had the idea of making Godzilla vs. Mechani-Kong, but Kazuki Omori feared that this would ultimately violate Turner's copyright.

Hints about this future war are dropped in several books earlier in the series beginning with Lawrence Miles's Alien Bodies and the war itself plays out as it would have originally done in Miles ' Faction Paradox series in which certain names are changed for copyright reasons ( the Time Lords become the Great Houses and Gallifrey becomes the Home World ).

This method led to the mixing of musical and lyrical elements of different songs and versions, as well as improvised passages, to create new material, but would lead to later accusations of plagiarism and some legal disputes over copyright.

According to the current definition of open content on the OpenContent website, any general, royalty-free copyright license would qualify as an open license because it ' provides users with the right to make more kinds of uses than those normally permitted under the law-at no cost to the user.

Following this, the work's copyright would expire, with the material falling into the public domain.

A member of the Company would register the book, and would then have a perpetual copyright over its printing, copying and publication, which could be leased, transferred to others or given to heirs upon the member's death.

The only exception to this was that, if a book was out of print for more than 6 months and the publisher ignored a warning to make it available, the copyright would be released and other publishers would be permitted to copy it.

The bill allowed for fines for anyone who imported or traded in unlicensed or foreign books, required every book that would be given copyright protection to be entered into the Stationers ' Register, provided a legal deposit system centred around the King's Library, the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, but said nothing about limiting the term of copyright.

Alterations during this period included minor changes, such as extending the legal deposit system to cover Sion College and the Faculty of Advocates, but also major ones, including the introduction of a limit on the length of time for which copyright would be granted.

An author who survived until the copyright expired would be granted an additional 14 year term, and when that ran out, the works would enter the public domain.

Previously, publishers would have bought the original manuscript from writers for a lump sum ; with the passage of the Statute, they simply did the same thing, but with the manuscript's copyright as well.

It also marked the first time that copyright had been vested primarily in the author, rather than the publisher, and also the first time that the injurious treatment of authors by publishers was recognised ; regardless of what authors signed away, the second 14 year term of copyright would automatically return to them.

According to a Symbolics employee, the reason for the change in policy was Richard Stallman's making changes with which they disagreed, such as removing Symbolics ' copyright notices on Symbolics ' produced enhancements and transferring the resulting enhancements to the other commercial licensees, and at one point leaving the software in a state where it would not compile.

He'd been trying obliquely to sell a comic book premise to DC or Marvel, but neither company would allow Aragonés to retain the copyright.

This role, along with Robertson's resulting claim to the copyright of most of the compositions, would become a point of contention, especially that directed towards Robertson by Helm.