This tied in closely with the current attempt to upgrade state-owned cars to the extent that vehicles are not retained beyond the point where maintenance costs ( in light of depreciation ) become excessive.

Its elimination would result in the saving of interest costs, heavy when short-term money rates are high, and in freedom from dependence on credit which is not always available when needed most.

-- About 30% of the expenditures for the Department of Defense in 1961 are for military personnel costs, including pay for active, reserve, and retired military personnel.

Retired pay costs are increased by $94 million in 1961 over 1960, partly because of a substantial increase in the number of retired personnel.

These increased costs are partially offset by a decrease of $56 million in expenditures for the reserve forces, largely because of the planned reduction in strength of the Army Reserve components during 1961.

Some distribution costs are kept up by competitive pressure, some by the fact that the customers have come to expect certain niceties and flourishes.

Distribution costs are almost bound to increase in the sixties -- and you will never know what you can do to control them unless you study each element and experiment with alternative ways of doing the job.

Finally, maintenance costs on plastic signs are much lower than on fragile neon signs.

But now many of these same builders are finding they can cut their costs more by teaming up with a dealer who has volume enough to afford the most efficient specialized equipment to deliver everything just where it is needed -- drywall inside the house, siding along the sides, trusses on the walls, roofing on the roof, etc..

The basic costs are generally pretty much the same regardless of the agency through which you reserve your car, but some of them offer supplementary advantages.

The variable costs alone are assigned to the different units of freight traffic as representing `` long-run out-of-pocket costs '' -- a term with a meaning here not distinctly different from that of the economist's `` long-run marginal costs ''.

and a mere cost apportionment which somehow spreads among the classes and units of service even those costs that are strictly unallocable from the standpoint of specific cost determination.

Instead, all of the total costs are treated as variable costs, although these costs are divided into costs that are deemed to be functions of different variables.

Then the necessary resources can be estimated and costs for each activity can be allocated to each resource, giving the total project cost.

Seventy percent of spending is allocated to employee costs.

Seventy percent of spending is allocated to employee costs.

Seventy percent of spending is allocated to employee costs.

Seventy percent of spending is allocated to employee costs.

Once the historic amount that has been allocated for " special needs " programs is set aside and an additional 4 % is reserved for USDA administrative costs, the remaining funds are allocated:

Both sets of rules generally provide that costs should be allocated among members based on respective anticipated benefits.

Inter-member charges should then be made so that each member bears only its share of such allocated costs.

Prices charged are considered arm's length where the costs are allocated in a consistent manner among the members based on reasonably anticipated benefits.

For instance, shared services costs may be allocated among members based on a formula involving expected or actual sales or a combination of factors.

Labor costs may be allocated to an item or set of items based on timekeeping records.

Materials and labor may be allocated based on past experience, or standard costs.

Overhead costs are often allocated to sets of produced goods based on the ratio of labor hours or costs or the ratio of materials used for producing the set of goods.

In addition to this, the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund had spent a total of close to £ 4 million ( US $ 6. 5 million ) in costs and fees relating to this litigation, and as a result froze grants allocated to a number of charities.

Such costs must be allocated to the period of use.

Because of the high proportion of auto-production costs represented by fixed costs that needed to be allocated over a planned production volume, and the use in the 1960s of investment appraisal criteria that were ill-suited to accounting for volume fluctuations and the rapidly changing value of the UK currency in the 1960s, the precise figures quoted may be open to challenge, but the new management's diagnosis that BMC's profitability was insufficient to fund support and new model investment to cover its disparate range of brands and models was hard to refute.

The joint committee had allocated a budget of £ 5, 000 for capital expenditure and £ 1, 500 for annual running costs.

Congress allocated $ 43 million for construction costs, including $ 23 million as an outright grant and the other $ 20 million in bonds.

For example, some try to differentiate themselves with allocated seating, while others operate more than one aircraft type, still others will have relatively high operating costs but lower fares.

The largest UK nurseries have moved to minimize labour costs by the use of computer controlled warehousing methods: plants are pallet allocated to a location and grown on there with little human intervention.

These bonuses were not allocated indiscriminately for gross output but were awarded for such accomplishments as the introduction of innovations or reduction of labor costs.

And this fact may explain some of the disagreements among the experts as to the more rational formulas for the apportionment of total costs among different units of service.

Ego can drive choice just as well as rational factors such as brand value and costs involved with changing brands.

In rational choice theory, these costs are only extrinsic or external to the individual rather than being intrinsic or internal.

That is, strict rational choice theory would not see a criminal's self-punishment by inner feelings of remorse, guilt, or shame as relevant to determining the costs of committing a crime.

The basic idea of rational choice theory is that patterns of behavior in societies reflect the choices made by individuals as they try to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs.

The idea of rational choice, where people compare the costs and benefits of certain actions, is easy to see in economic theory.

It is seen as a rational or purposeful behavior because a person weighs the costs and benefits.

Sunk costs do, in fact, influence actors ' decisions because humans are prone to loss-averse and framing effects, and in light of such cognitive quirks, it is unsurprising that people frequently fail to behave in ways that economists would deem " rational.

Sunk costs should not affect the rational decision-maker's best choice.

Economists like Ernest Dupuis III argue that sunk costs are not taken into account when making rational decisions.

The free rider problem depends on a conception of the human being as homo economicus: purely rational and also purely selfish — extremely individualistic, considering only those benefits and costs that directly affect him or her.

Market imperfections generate costs which interfere with trades that rational individuals make ( or would make in the absence of the imperfection ).

It has been suggested by some commentators that the level of congestion that society tolerates is a rational ( though not necessarily conscious ) choice between the costs of improving the transportation system ( in infrastructure or management ) and the benefits of quicker travel.

* actors are rational ; they weigh the costs and benefits from movement participation

NEA ’ s view is that neither of these definitions is acceptable or rational and that the only sensible definition of income is one that uses actual disposable income after housing costs.

When a consumer faces switching costs, the rational consumer will not switch to the supplier offering the lowest price if the switching costs in terms of monetary cost, effort, time, uncertainty, and other reasons, outweigh the price differential between the two suppliers.

The tort system acts as if, before the injury or damage, a contract had been made between the parties under the assumption that a rational, cost-minimizing individual will not spend money on taking precautions if those precautions are more expensive than the costs of the harm that they prevent.

The first, which is grounded in rational choice economics, treats risk perceptions as manifesting individuals ’ implicit weighing of costs and benefits.

This has the important consequence that the whole organization of the production process is reshaped and reorganized to conform with economic rationality as bounded by capitalism, which is expressed in price relationships between inputs and outputs ( wages, non-labor factor costs, sales, profits ) rather than the larger rational context faced by society overall.

In short, this method does not, by any rational standard, attempt to adequately trace overhead costs.