Lake was elected to a regular term as an associate justice on the court in 1994, and was elected the court's chief justice in 2000, defeating incumbent Henry Frye.

This assertion is based on a reference, by Justice Black, in a footnote ( number 11 ) to the court's finding, to court cases where organized groups of self-identified Humanists, or Ethicists, meeting on a regular basis to share and celebrate their beliefs, have been granted religious-based tax exemptions.

But the diocese said the court's secondary finding does not require that these church buildings be reopened, and does not mandate that they be restored as regular worship sites, since the parishes they were assigned to no longer exist.

On July 25, 1982, Ruby Kless Sondock became the court's first regular female justice, when she was appointed to replace the Associate Justice James G. Denton who had died of a heart attack.

The Texas Legislature, meeting in a special session in April and May, 2006, passed legislation that met the court's requirements that local districts have " meaningful discretion " in setting tax rates.

The top court's decision was controversial as the Senegalese constitutional amendment, which places a two-term limit on the presidential office, was established about a year after Wade came into power in 2000.

Legislation in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and Nova Scotia expressly or by judicial opinion have been read to allow for what are informally known as national " opt-out " class actions, whereby residents of other provinces may be included in the class definition and potentially be bound by the court's judgment on common issues unless they opt-out in a prescribed manner and time.

Also, the court's walls, floor, and ceiling are legal playing surfaces, with the exception of court-specific designated hinders being out-of-bounds.

Juries are initially chosen randomly from the eligible population residing in the court's jurisdictional area ( unless a change of venue has occurred ).

The court's Oriel windows are perhaps its most striking feature, though the dominating Shrewsbury Tower to the west is undoubtedly the most imposing.

However, the court's powers are limited, so that major crimes such as rape or murder and complex or high-value civil cases are dealt with in the High Court ( for criminal matters ) or the Court of Session ( for civil matters ).

State law specifies what cases are in the district court's jurisdiction.

When the requirements of burden of proof for a divorce are difficult to meet, in most jurisdictions, an a mensa et thoro ruling assures the couple a slot in the court's schedule whenever they file for a full divorce, by showing that they were both serious about their separation.

Once the defendants are served with the summons and complaint, they are subject to a time limit to file an answer stating their defenses to the plaintiff's claims, including any challenges to the court's jurisdiction, and any counterclaims they wish to assert against the plaintiff.

If all assets are located elsewhere, the plaintiff must file another suit in the appropriate court to seek enforcement of the other court's previous judgment.

Usually the other governments are given the right to argue their case in the Court, although on rare occasions this has been curtailed and prevented by order of one of the court's judges.

The court's hearings are open to the public.

He noted that the majority's result stood in flat contradiction to the court's earlier decision in Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U. S. 186 ( 1986 ), in which it had ruled that laws outlawing sodomy are not unconstitutional.

Six pleaded not guilty, two have not entered pleas, one refuses to plead, and thirteen are challenging the court's jurisdiction, alleging that the post-apartheid constitution and government of South Africa are illegitimate.

The " prerogative " writs are a subset of the class of writs, those that are to be heard ahead of any other cases on a court's docket except other such writs.

Under the circumstances presented by this case, we conclude that the defendants are not liable for contributory and vicarious copyright infringement and affirm the district court's partial grant of summary judgment.

That night, Ahasuerus suffers from insomnia, and when the court's daily records are read to him to help him fall asleep, he learns of the services rendered by Mordecai in the earlier plot against his life.

Referring to a minor, the term adjudicated refers to children that are under a court's jurisdiction usually as a result of having engaged in delinquent behavior and not having a legal guardian that could be entrusted with being responsible for him or her.

The tradition remains to this day, although most of the court's sittings are now conducted in Canberra.

The court's finding of Constitutionality for the phrase, as well as the justifications noted above, have made it more difficult for US separationists to challenge other constitutionally questionable practices, such as tax exemption of churches, legislative and military chaplaincies, national holidays based on religious commemorations, the " Pray for Peace " postmark, and, in classrooms, required singing of the fourth stanza of America and the Star-Spangled Banner, both of which include religious phrases, and the required recitation at government events of the US Pledge of Allegiance, modified by an Act of Congress of June 14, 1954, to include the words " under God ", especially since each of these instances are regularly used by accommodationists to justify the other instances.

The defense questioned the military court's jurisdiction, but the court explained that " retired personnel are a part of the land or naval forces.

The appellate court will typically be deferential to the lower court's findings of fact ( such as whether a defendant committed a particular act ), unless clearly erroneous, and so will focus on the court's application of the law to those facts ( such as whether the act found by the court to have occurred fits a legal definition at issue ).

The failure to formally object at the time, to what one views as improper action in the lower court, may result in the affirmance of the lower court's judgment on the grounds that one did not " preserve the issue for appeal " by objecting.

In the court's words: " For better or worse, being intentionally thrown at is a fundamental part and inherent risk of the sport of baseball.

— and it may be extended at the court's discretion.

The " service box " is formed by the short line — a solid red line running the court's width parallel to the front and back walls at a distance of 20 feet-and the service line parallels the short line and is 15 feet from the front wall.

The court's interpretation of the Convention's reach is at times subject to criticism as either too narrow or too wide.

However, jurors can be released from the pool for several reasons including illness, prior commitments that can't be abandoned without hardship, change of address to outside the court's jurisdiction, travel or employment outside the jurisdiction at the time of duty, and others.

However, as mere administrative divisions, departments can be rearranged at the discretion of each trial court's presiding judge in response to changing caseloads.

852, 853-55, 864 ( D. Or. 1991 ); see also Ash, 980 F. 2d at 586 ( incorporating the district court's account of the facts ).

In England now there is a system whereby the court gives the offender a " fine card " which is somewhat like a credit card ; at any shop that has a paying-in machine he pays the value of the fine to the shop, which then uses the fine card to pass that money on to the court's bank account.

Rupert was almost left behind in the court's rush to escape Ferdinand's advance on Prague, until Kryštof z Donína ( Christopher Dhona ), a court member, tossed the prince into a carriage at the last moment.

Provocation can be a relevant factor in a court's assessment of a defendant's mens rea, intention, or state of mind, at the time of an act of which the defendant is accused.

In some states, like Wisconsin, the mandatory membership requirement is implemented through an order of the state supreme court, which can be revoked or canceled at any time at the court's discretion.

Bowers was decided at a time when the court's privacy jurisprudence, and in particular the right to abortion recognized in Roe v. Wade, 410 U. S. 113 ( 1973 ), had come under heavy criticism.

" During the judge's questioning, spectators in the court's gallery frequently laughed at Fox's case.

In October 2004, the U. S. Supreme Court allowed a lower court's ruling to stand ( by refusing to hear the appeal ) that voided rules requiring ILECs to lease certain network elements ( such as local switching or the high-frequency portion of the loop ) at a cost-based regulated wholesale price to CLECs.

Given only a short time to prepare, Wei was only able to demonstrate Viola's equivalent capabilities for local rather than remote files at the 2003 Eolas v. Microsoft trial, and thus fell short of proving prior art to the court's satisfaction.

He is the only Chief Justice other than Sir William Buell Richards to have served in that position without having first been a Puisne Justice on the court ( Richards was Chief Justice at the court's creation in 1875 ), and the only Chief Justice to have been appointed without any prior judicial experience.