Dhimmis often took cases relating to marriage, divorce or inheritance to the Muslim courts so these cases would be decided under sharia law.

In a short time, however, he developed decided ability as a ruler ; on entering upon his inheritance he divided the duchy into governmental districts, took measures to suppress the robber-knights, and regulated the judicial system by defining and readjusting the jurisdiction of the various law courts.

The Party took control of the courts, local government, and all civic organizations except the Protestant and Catholic churches.

As an example of this situation, one can think of an American court applying British tort statutes and case law to a car accident that took place in London where both the driver and the victim are British citizens but the lawsuit was brought in before the American courts because the driver's insurer is American.

The common law courts originally took a very limited view of their own jurisdiction.

The courts of law took over the business of dispensing justice, while Parliament became the supreme legislature of the kingdom.

By the 18th century, however, dhimmis frequently attended the Ottoman Muslim courts, where cases were taken against them by Muslims, or they took cases against Muslims or other dhimmis.

The Judiciary Act of 1801 increased the number of courts to permit the Federalist President John Adams to appoint a number of Federalist judges before Thomas Jefferson took office.

After some five years of siege, Manuel II entrusted the city to his nephew and embarked ( along with a suite of 40 people ) on a long trip abroad to seek assistance against the Ottoman Empire from the courts of western Europe, including those of Henry IV of England ( making him the only Byzantine emperor ever to visit England – he was welcomed from December 1400 to January 1401 at Eltham Palace, and a joust took place in his honour ), Charles VI of France, the Holy Roman Empire, Queen Margaret I of Denmark and from Aragon.

Unwilling to pay it, they took the tax notice to local legal aid attorneys at Leech Lake Legal Services, who brought suit to challenge the tax in the state courts.

In Colorado, in 2002, there were approximately 40 criminal trials in federal court, and there were 1, 898 criminal trials ( excluding hundreds of quasi-criminal trials in juvenile cases, municipal cases and infraction cases ) in state courts, so only about 2 % of criminal trials took place in federal court.

19th century historians took the existence of these courts as fact, however later historians such as Benton noted " none of the abundant letters, chronicles, songs and pious dedications " suggest they ever existed outside of the poetic literature.

At the end of 19th century, the international community took the first steps towards the institution of permanent courts with supranational jurisdiction.

However fate took a turn when the then Minister for Defence, Paddy Donegan, launched a ferocious verbal attack on President Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, calling him " a thundering disgrace " for referring anti-terrorist legislation to the courts to test its constitutionality.

He took little interest in the theatrical performances or other pieces of high culture at the Inns, preferring to spend his time at the law courts in Westminster Hall, listening to the Serjeants argue.

In the Middle Ages, because the village was in the Royal Forest of Galtres, its inhabitants were subject to forest law and took part in the occasional courts that devised and enforced it.

In towns without a local police chief, investigations became the exclusive responsibility of the Connecticut State Police, while State Prosecutors took over the prosecution of cases, and the court system was flattened by the elimination of courts with criminal venue below the level of the Superior Court.

Here one of his services was to create, in connection with the faculty of law, a " Spruch-Collegium ", an extraordinary tribunal competent to deliver opinions on cases remitted to it by the ordinary courts ; and he took an active part in its labours.

They took over government services such as district courts, schools, police posts and other administrative offices.

Firefights between the Mahdi Army and Badr Organization took place in May as tensions rose over the Mahdi Army's occupation of the Imam Ali Shrine, looting of the mosques in their control, and controversial prisons and Sharia courts.

This dedication and spirit of improvement took Francisco to occasionally excel in his hometown, where he even represented the interest of some people before the colonial courts.

During the Renaissance, the four officers were reduced to two-the huissier and sergent-who took on all these functions, with the distinction being that the huissier served in higher courts and sergent in bailie courts ( sergent royal ) and manorial courts ( sergent de justice ).

But they objected vigorously to the proposition that federal courts may refuse to exercise jurisdiction conferred in a valid act of Congress:

The Taft-Hartley Act gave the federal courts jurisdiction over `` suits for violation of contracts between an employer and a labor organization representing employees in an industry affecting commerce ''.

Does Lincoln Mills suggest that if Congress granted jurisdiction over interstate divorce cases, the federal courts would be authorized to fashion a national law for the dissolution of marriages??

To put it differently, state and federal courts have concurrent jurisdiction with respect to most claims of federal right.

The right to file an appeal can also vary from state to state ; for example, the New Jersey Constitution vests judicial power in a Supreme Court, a Superior Court, and other courts of limited jurisdiction, with an appellate court being part of the Superior Court.

" Appellate review " is the general term for the process by which courts with appellate jurisdiction take jurisdiction of matters decided by lower courts.

The authority of appellate courts to review decisions of lower courts varies widely from one jurisdiction to another.

Depending on the system, certain courts may serve as both trial courts and appellate courts, hearing appeals of decisions made by courts with more limited jurisdiction.

Some jurisdictions have specialized appellate courts, such as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, which only hears appeals raised in criminal cases, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which has general jurisdiction but derives most of its caseload from patent cases, on the other hand, and appeals from the Court of Federal Claims on the other.

There are federal courts with special jurisdiction in the fields of social security law ( Bundessozialgericht ) and tax law ( Bundesfinanzhof ).

In common law, black letter legal doctrine is an informal term indicating the basic principles of law generally accepted by the courts and / or embodied in the statutes of a particular jurisdiction.

The decisions of a court are binding only in a particular jurisdiction, and even within a given jurisdiction, some courts have more power than others.

For example, in most jurisdictions, decisions by appellate courts are binding on lower courts in the same jurisdiction and on future decisions of the same appellate court, but decisions of lower courts are only non-binding persuasive authority.

It was settled in the case of United States v. Hudson and Goodwin,, which decided that federal courts had no jurisdiction to define new common law crimes, and that there must always be a ( constitutional ) statute defining the offense and the penalty for it.

Canada's system, described below, avoids regional variability of federal law by giving national jurisdiction to both layers of appellate courts.

Out of the church and into his big car, it tooling over the road with him driving and the headlights sweeping the pike ahead and after he hit college, his expansiveness, the quaint little pine board tourist courts, cabins really, with a cute naked light bulb in the ceiling ( unfrosted and naked as a streetlight, like the one on the corner where you used to play when you were a kid, where you watched the bats swooping in after the bugs, watching in between your bouts at hopscotch ), a room complete with moths pinging the light and the few casual cockroaches cruising the walls, an insect Highway Patrol with feelers waving.

Of these three bodies it is the assembly and the courts that were the true sites of power — although courts, unlike the assembly, were never simply called the demos ( the People ) as they were manned by a subset of the citizen body, those over thirty.

No judges presided over the courts nor did anyone give legal direction to the jurors ; magistrates had only an administrative function and were laymen.

There were over 30 different nobles who had the right to hold courts scattered around the surrounding lands.

Chiefs and other leaders preside over customary, traditional courts, though all persons have the right to request that their case be considered under the formal British-based legal system.

Since the 12th century, courts have had parallel and co-equal authority to make law -- " legislating from the bench " is a traditional and essential function of courts, which was carried over into the U. S. system as an essential component of the " judicial power " specified by Article III of the U. S. constitution.

English criminal law and the related criminal law of Commonwealth countries can define offences that the courts alone have developed over the years, without any actual legislation: common law offences.

However, since the lawsuit was filed in a state California court, the lawsuit was tossed out because only federal courts have jurisdiction over intellectual property issues.

Sir William Phips, governor of the newly chartered Province of Massachusetts Bay, appointed his lieutenant governor, William Stoughton, as head of a special witchcraft tribunal and then as chief justice of the colonial courts, where he presided over the witch trials.

Under § 1332 ( d ) ( 2 ) the federal district courts have original jurisdiction over any civil action where the amount in controversy exceeds $ 5, 000, 000 and

The tumultuous history of the Wars of the Roses and then the Star Chamber resulted in periods during which the common law courts were frequently paralyzed, and out of the confusion the Court of Chancery emerged with exclusive jurisdiction over group litigation.

Represented by attorney Robert Winslow and the law firm of Mitchell, Silberberg & Knupp LLP, courts awarded Day $ 1 million punitive damages, $ 5. 6 million plus $ 2 million interest for losses incurred in a sham oil venture ; $ 3. 4 million plus $ 1. 2 million interest over a hotel venture ; $ 2. 2 million plus $ 793, 800 interest for duplicate or unnecessary fees paid to Rosenthal ; more than $ 2 million to recoup loans to Rosenthal ; $ 3. 9 million plus $ 1 million interest for fraud, and $ 850, 000 attorney fees for Day.

Dachshunds have been kept by royal courts all over Europe, including that of Queen Victoria, who was particularly enamored of the breed.

In theory, divine, natural, customary, and constitutional law still held sway over the king, but, absent a superior spiritual power, it was difficult to see how they could be enforced, since the king could not be tried by any of his own courts.

The practice gradually disappeared in Canada over the course of the twentieth century, ultimately being abolished in 1984 when the Nova Scotia courts formally ended the practice.

The lowest courts in the Isle of Man are presided over by the High Bailiff and the Deputy High Bailiff, along with lay Justices of the Peace.

The General Motors Hummer and Chrysler Jeep have been waging battle in U. S. courts over the right to use seven slots in their respective radiator grills.

But if the jurisdiction claimed is concurrent, or as in the case of International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ), the international tribunal is to prevail over national courts, the problems are more difficult to resolve politically.

For example, in United States federal courts, the United States district courts have original jurisdiction over a number of different matters ( as mentioned above ), and the United States court of appeals have appellate jurisdiction over matters appealed from the district courts.