Consider a shear field with a height of H and a cross-sectional area of A opposed by a manometer with a height of H ( referred to the same base as H ) and a cross-sectional area of A.

Merchant has found that the same basic relationships which describe the geometry and force systems in the case of the cutting mechanism can also be applied to the discontinuous chip formation provided the proper values of instantaneous shear angle and instantaneous chip thickness or cross-sectional area are used.

It is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area.

where I is current in the conductor, J is the current density, and A is the cross-sectional area.

: is the cross-sectional area of the conductor

P < sub > cr </ sub >/ A, where A = cross-sectional area of the column ), is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the column is experiencing inelastic buckling.

Their p – n junctions have a much larger cross-sectional area than those of a normal diode, allowing them to conduct large currents to ground without sustaining damage.

The electrical energy efficiency of a typical industrial induction motor can be improved by: 1 ) reducing the electrical losses in the stator windings ( e. g., by increasing the cross-sectional area of the conductor, improving the winding technique, and using materials with higher electrical conductivities, such as copper ), 2 ) reducing the electrical losses in the rotor coil or casting ( e. g., by using materials with higher electrical conductivities, such as copper ), 3 ) reducing magnetic losses by using better quality magnetic steel, 4 ) improving the aerodynamics of motors to reduce mechanical windage losses, 5 ) improving bearings to reduce friction losses, and 6 ) minimizing manufacturing tolerances.

The molecules being separated ( usually proteins or nucleic acids ) therefore differ not only in molecular mass and intrinsic charge, but also the cross-sectional area, and thus experience different electrophoretic forces dependent on the shape of the overall structure.

Like skin effect, this reduces the effective cross-sectional area of the wire conducting current, increasing its resistance.

The braid pattern ensures that each wire strand spends the same amount of its length on the outside of the braid, so skin effect distributes the current equally between the strands, resulting in a larger cross-sectional conduction area than an equivalent single wire.

If the areas of the two parallel faces are A < sub > 1 </ sub > and A < sub > 3 </ sub >, the cross-sectional area of the intersection of the prismatoid with a plane midway between the two parallel faces is A < sub > 2 </ sub >, and the height ( the distance between the two parallel faces ) is h, then the volume of the prismatoid is given by ( This formula follows immediately by integrating the area parallel to the two planes of vertices by Simpson's rule, since that rule is exact for integration of polynomials of degree up to 3, and in this case the area is at most a quadratic in the height.

At any given x, the incremental volume ( δV ) is given by the product of the cross-sectional area of the disk at x and its thickness ( δx ):

The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary.

If the flux in the core is purely sinusoidal, the relationship for either winding between its rms voltage E < sub > rms </ sub > of the winding, and the supply frequency f, number of turns N, core cross-sectional area a and peak magnetic flux density B is given by the universal EMF equation:

The universal transformer equation indicates a minimum cross-sectional area for the core to avoid saturation.

* A is the cross-sectional area of the prongs ( tines ) in square metres.

There are also standardised cross-sectional profiles for lock cylinders that may vary in length-for example to suit different door thicknesses.

Smokeless powder may be corned into small spherical balls or extruded into cylinders or strips with many cross-sectional shapes ( strips with various rectangular proportions, single or multi-hole cylinders, slotted cylinders ) using solvents such as ether.

The press had two cylinders and pistons of different cross-sectional areas.

For all pictures the magnetic quantum number m has been set to 0, and the cross-sectional plane is the xz-plane ( z is the vertical axis ).

Stranded wire is more flexible than solid wire of the same total cross-sectional area.

A wing is an airfoil, which has a streamlined cross-sectional shape producing a useful lift to drag ratio.

The mass of powder is determined by the position of the lower punch in the die, the cross-sectional area of the die, and the powder density.

A cross-sectional profile of the shape of an asteroid can even be determined if a number of observers at different, nearby, locations observe the occultation.

The AWG of a stranded wire is determined by the total cross-sectional area of the conductor, which determines its current-carrying capacity and electrical resistance.

An individual's physical strength is determined by two factors ; the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers recruited to generate force and the intensity of the recruitment.

Radiance L along a ray can be thought of as the amount of light traveling along all possible straight lines through a tube whose size is determined by its solid angle and cross-sectional area.

The required funnel cross-sectional area is determined by the volume of exhaust gases produced by the propulsion plant.

2D measurement of the diameter ( d ) of the aortic annulus allows calculation of the flow CSA ( cross-sectional area ) which is then multiplied by the vti of the Doppler flow profile across the aortic valve to determine the flow volume or SV.

From the throat the cross-sectional area then increases, the gas expands and the linear velocity becomes progressively more supersonic.

If A is the horizontal cross-sectional area of the element and if p1 and p_2 are the pressure on the surface, where p1 is the pressure on the bottom and p2 is the pressure on the top, then the net upward force on the element can be given as

Further developed in 1990 by Naohiro Tanno, then a professor at Yamagata University, and in particular since 1991 by Huang et al., optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) with micrometer resolution and cross-sectional imaging capabilities has become a prominent biomedical tissue-imaging technique ; it is particularly suited to ophthalmic applications and other tissue imaging requiring micrometer resolution and millimeter penetration depth.

They generally consist of a cross-sectional " ring " of onion ( the circular structure of which lends itself well to this method of preparation ) dipped in batter or bread crumbs and then deep fried ; a variant is made with onion paste.

A natural progression has been suggested from cheap cross-sectional studies of routinely collected data which suggest hypotheses, to case-control studies testing them more specifically, then to cohort studies and trials which cost much more and take much longer, but may give stronger evidence.

For a bar of material with cross-sectional area A that is wetted on one end, the cumulative volume V of absorbed liquid after a time t is

For a fuselage the resulting shape was the Sears – Haack body, which suggested a perfect cross-sectional shape for any given internal volume.

One means to reduce IR signature is to have a non-circular tail pipe ( a slit shape ) to minimize the exhaust cross-sectional volume and maximize the mixing of hot exhaust with cool ambient air.

The total discharge, Q ( units of volume per time, e. g., m < sup > 3 </ sup >/ s ) is equal to the product of the permeability of the medium, k ( m < sup > 2 </ sup >), the cross-sectional area to flow, A ( units of area, e. g., m < sup > 2 </ sup >), and the pressure drop ( Pb-Pa ), all divided by the viscosity, μ ( Pa · s ) and the length over which the pressure drop is taking place.

where Q is the flowrate of the formation ( in units of volume per unit time ), k is the relative permeability of the formation ( typically in millidarcies ), A is the cross-sectional area of the formation, μ is the viscosity of the fluid ( typically in units of centipoise, and L is the length of the porous media the fluid will flow through.

A cylinder's displacement, or swept volume, can be calculated by multiplying its cross-sectional area ( the square of half the bore by pi ) and again by the distance the piston travels within the cylinder ( the stroke ).

In hydrology, discharge is the volume rate of water flow, including any suspended solids ( i. e. sediment ), dissolved chemical species ( i. e. CaCO < sub > 3 </ sub >< sub >( aq )</ sub >) and / or biologic material ( i. e. diatoms ), which is transported through a given cross-sectional area.