( C. A. J. Hoeve, A. A. Blumberg ) crystallization in polymers and copolymers

Impurity distribution in the condensate is described by known equations of zone recrystallization with various numbers of iteration of process – with replacement distribution efficient k of crystallization on separation factor α of distillation.

Rarely, the Hf / Zr ratio increases during crystallization to give the isostructural mineral ' hafnon ' ( Hf, Zr ) SiO < sub > 4 </ sub >, with atomic Hf > Zr.

Lanthanum is separated as a double salt with ammonium nitrate by crystallization.

However, intrinsic membrane proteins remain challenging to crystallize because they require detergents or other means to solubilize them in isolation, and such detergents often interfere with crystallization.

Having failed to crystallize a target molecule, a crystallographer may try again with a slightly modified version of the molecule ; even small changes in molecular properties can lead to large differences in crystallization behavior.

Although crystals were once loaded into glass capillaries with the crystallization solution ( the mother liquor ), a modern approach is to scoop the crystal up in a tiny loop, made of nylon or plastic and attached to a solid rod, that is then flash-frozen with liquid nitrogen.

Feldspar within a pegmatite may display exaggerated and perfect twinning, exsolution lamellae, and when affected by hydrous crystallization, macroscale graphic texture is known, with feldspar and quartz intergrown.

Methane hydrates are believed to form by migration of gas from depth along geological faults, followed by precipitation, or crystallization, on contact of the rising gas stream with cold sea water.

Accompanying the crystallization of regional states was the decline of nomad power, partly due to the devastation of the Black Death and partly due to the encroachment of sedentary civilizations equipped with gunpowder.

Payen invented a decolorimeter, which dealt with the analysis, decolorization, bleaching, and crystallization of sugar.

Many organic molecules, as with inorganic molecules, form crystals that incorporate water into the crystalline structure without chemical alteration of the organic molecule ( water of crystallization ).

It is normally associated with arid climates where strong heating causes strong evaporation and therefore salt crystallization.

The chemical composition of the erupting lava depends upon the degree to which the mantle-derived basalt ( a ) interacts with ( melts ) the Earth's crust and / or ( b ) undergoes fractional crystallization.

' Tennov notes how limerence may dissolve soon after its initiation, as in an early teenage buzz-centered crush ', but is more concerned with the point when ' limerent bonds are characterized by " entropy " crystallization as described by Stendhal in his 1821 treatise On Love, where a new love infatuation perceptually begins to transform ... attractive characteristics are exaggerated and unattractive characteristics are given little or no attention ... a limerent object '.

This thinking pattern is an expectant and often joyous period with the initial focusing on the limerent object ’ s admirable qualities ; crystallization.

Three-dimensional structures of only ~ 160 different integral membrane proteins are currently determined at atomic resolution by X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy due to the difficulties with extraction and crystallization.

* Membrane PDB Database of 3D structures of integral membrane proteins and hydrophobic peptides with emphasis on crystallization conditions

* Membrane PDB Database of 3D structures of integral membrane proteins and hydrophobic peptides with an emphasis on crystallization conditions

Brittleness can be lowered with the addition of plasticizers, which interfere with crystallization to effectively lower T < sub > g </ sub >.

Igneous rock may form with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive ( plutonic ) rocks or on the surface as extrusive ( volcanic ) rocks.

The book resonated with some existing and forming communities, such as Sharingwood in Washington state and N Street in California, who embraced the cohousing concept as a crystallization of what they were already about.

Synthetic carnallite crystal specimens can be reproduced by 1. 5 mole percentage of KCl and 9. 8 moles of MgCl < sub > 2 </ sub >· 6H < sub > 2 </ sub > O and by slow crystallization at 25 ° C.

The process of crystal formation via mechanisms of crystal growth is called crystallization or solidification.

If the cooling is sufficiently rapid ( relative to the characteristic crystallization time ) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at T < sub > g </ sub >.

The rate of crystallization is affected by the ratio of the main sugars, fructose to glucose, as well as the dextrin content.

Temperature also affects the rate of crystallization, which is fastest between.

Another important feature is their solubility in water e. g. ( see: solubility chart ), and ease of crystallization.

A 1971 review from Creem stated " My response is that crystallization of everything that is rock ' n ' roll music, at its finest, was to allow my jaw to drop, my body to move, to leap out of the chair ...

For example, proteins and larger RNA molecules cannot be crystallized if their tertiary structure has been unfolded ; therefore, the range of crystallization conditions is restricted to solution conditions in which such molecules remain folded.

In practice, favorable conditions are identified by screening ; a very large batch of the molecules is prepared, and a wide variety of crystallization solutions are tested.

It is also common to try several temperatures for encouraging crystallization, or to gradually lower the temperature so that the solution becomes supersaturated.

This means that 10-fold less protein is used per-experiment when compared to crystallization trials setup by hand ( in the order of 1 microliter ).

In addition, Rb is a highly incompatible element that, during fractional crystallization of the mantle, stays in the magmatic melt rather than becoming part of mantle minerals.

A composition from which they could reasonably be produced by fractional crystallization is termed a parental melt.

When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from liquid to solid, it is referred to as the freezing point or crystallization point.

Additional tests include those for the crystallization of cream of tartar ( potassium hydrogen tartrate ) and the precipitation of heat unstable protein ; this last test is limited to white wines.

) The alternative technique of fractional crystallization was invented by Dmitri Mendeleev, in the form of the double ammonium nitrate tetrahydrate, which he used to separate the less-soluble lanthanum from the more-soluble didymium in the 1870s.

He separated neodymium, as well as the element praseodymium, from a material known as didymium by means of fractional crystallization of the double ammonium nitrate tetrahydrates from nitric acid, while following the separation by spectroscopic analysis ; however, it was not isolated in relatively pure form until 1925.

It's produced by the aqueous aminolysis of 3-cyanopyridine ( nicotinonitrile ) and subsequent crystallization.

* Metastable quasicrystals formed by the crystallization of the amorphous phase.

For decades, the commercial technology for separating tantalum from niobium involved the fractional crystallization of potassium heptafluorotantalate away from potassium oxypentafluoroniobate monohydrate, a process that was discovered by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in 1866.

Magma compositions may evolve after formation by fractional crystallization, contamination, and magma mixing.

Some granite-composition magmas are eutectic ( or cotectic ) melts, and they may be produced by low to high degrees of partial melting of the crust, as well as by fractional crystallization.

There are two known processes by which magma ceases to exist: by volcanic eruption, or by crystallization within the crust or mantle to form a pluton.

NiCd batteries are susceptible to failures caused by short circuiting due to dissolution / crystallization reactions occurring at the negative electrode, which can result in dendrite growth of Cd creating a short to the positive plate.

In modern recipes and in commercial production, glucose ( from corn syrup or wheat ) or invert sugar is added to prevent crystallization, making up 10 %– 50 % of the sugars by mass.

It should be noted that " wet caramels " ( made by heating sucrose and water instead of sucrose alone ) produce their own invert sugar due to thermal reaction, but not necessarily enough to prevent crystallization in traditional recipes.