The cubists, dadaists, Stravinsky, and many later art movements struggled against this conception that beauty was central to the definition of art, with such success that, according to Danto, " Beauty had disappeared not only from the advanced art of the 1960 ’ s but from the advanced philosophy of art of that decade as well.

The dadaists imitated the techniques developed during the cubist movement through the pasting of cut pieces of paper items, but extended their art to encompass items such as transportation tickets, maps, plastic wrappers, etc.

More recent poets sometimes cited as influences by concrete poets include Guillaume Apollinaire, E. E. Cummings, for his various typographical innovations, and Ezra Pound, for his use of Chinese ideograms, as well as various dadaists.

He also studied at the Bauhaus and met some of the dadaists, setting Kurt Schwitters's poem Anna Blume to music.

At the outbreak of World War I he escaped to Switzerland to avoid conscription, and became friends with the dadaists of Zurich's Cabaret Voltaire, in particular Hans Arp.

Examples might range from the collages of the dadaists and Robert Rauschenberg to many contemporary music videos.

In the early 20th century, several avant-garde movements, including the dadaists, surrealists, and futurists began to argue for an art that was random, jarring and illogical.

In Zurich in 1918, he re-connected with Hans Arp and took part in several Dada activities, befriending Marcel Janco, Richard Huelsenbeck, Sophie Taeuber, and the other dadaists connected to the Cabaret Voltaire.

He believed that each culture has to be studied in its particularity, and argued that cross-cultural generalizations, like those made in the natural sciences, were not possible.

Though her personal contact with Alfred Nobel had been brief, she corresponded with him until his death in 1896, and it is believed that she was a major influence in his decision to include a peace prize among those prizes provided in his will.

Constantine is believed to have exiled those who refused to accept the Nicean creed — Arius himself, the deacon Euzoios, and the Libyan bishops Theonas of Marmarica and Secundus of Ptolemais — and also the bishops who signed the creed but refused to join in condemnation of Arius, Eusebius of Nicomedia and Theognis of Nicaea.

As a self-described " confirmed scientific rationalist ", Tylor believed that this view was " childish " and typical of " cognitive underdevelopment ", and that it was therefore common in " primitive " peoples such as those living in hunter gatherer societies.

He originally believed those substances to be precursors of antibodies, just like zymogen is a precursor of an enzyme.

Thus, he believed real charity supplied the means for those who wish to help themselves, achieve their goals.

It is generally believed that the force that occupies the centre of those concentric circles in countries with low unemployment is the government while in countries with higher levels of unemployment it is the unemployed.

Augustine believed that salvation is available to those who are worthy of it, through faith in Christ.

Alessandri appealed to those who believed the social question should be addressed, to those worried by the decline in nitrate exports during World War I, and to those weary of presidents dominated by Congress.

Arminjon, Nolde, and Wolff believed that, for purposes of classifying the ( then ) contemporary legal systems of the world, it was required that those systems per se get studied, irrespective of external factors, such as geographical ones.

The most notable Christadelphian attempts to find a continuity of those with doctrinal similarities since that point have been geographer Alan Eyre's two books The Protesters ( 1975 ) and Brethren in Christ ( 1982 ) in which he shows that many individual Christadelphian doctrines had been previously believed.

In Buddhism, it is believed that those who have extensively practiced Buddhist meditation and have reached a higher level of consciousness can activate their " third ear " and hear the music of the spheres ; i. e. the music of the celestial gandharvas.

" Although the purported citation of Euclid by Archimedes has been judged to be an interpolation by later editors of his works, it is still believed that Euclid wrote his works before those of Archimedes.

It is generally believed by scientists working in the field that as results from various preparation techniques have been compared and that there is no reason that they should all produce similar artifacts, it is reasonable to believe that electron microscopy features correspond with those of living cells.

Many seem to have believed that an afterlife would be available only to those who lived to see the kingdom.

Vincenzo, through his tuning research, found the underlying truth at the heart of the misunderstood myth of ' Pythagoras ' hammers ' ( the square of the numbers concerned yielded those musical intervals, not the actual numbers, as believed ), and through this and other discoveries that demonstrated the fallibility of traditional authorities, a radically empirical attitude developed, passed on to Galileo, which regarded " experience and demonstration " as the sine qua non of valid rational enquiry.

In his own lifetime, Sukō and those around him believed that he occupied the Chrysanthemum Throne from November 18, 1348 until November 26, 1351.

In his own lifetime, Go-Kōgon and those around him believed that he occupied the Chrysanthemum Throne from 25 September 1352 to 9 April 1371.

In his own lifetime, Go-En ' yū and those around him believed that he occupied the Chrysanthemum Throne from 9 April 1371 to 24 May 1382.

A theory about some topic is usually first-order logic together with: a specified domain of discourse over which the quantified variables range, finitely many functions which map from that domain into it, finitely many predicates defined on that domain, and a recursive set of axioms which are believed to hold for those things.

The " discovery " of these alleged etymologies is often believed by those who circulate them to draw attention to racist attitudes embedded in ordinary discourse.

In response to those who say that the Baptism in the Holy Spirit is not a separate experience from conversion, Pentecostals appeal to the question asked by the Apostle Paul to the Ephesian believers " Have ye received the Holy Ghost since ye believed?

These basic ideas concerning the nature of religion were, Adams believed, some of the major keys to the understanding of history and the movement of society.

Steiner believed results of this form of spiritual research should be expressed in a way that can be understood and evaluated on the same basis as the results of natural science: " The anthroposophical schooling of thinking leads to the development of a non-sensory, or so-called supersensory consciousness, whereby the spiritual researcher brings the experiences of this realm into ideas, concepts, and expressive language in a form which people can understand who do not yet have the capacity to achieve the supersensory experiences necessary for individual research.

Motivated by his sense of nationalism, he viewed some Western ideas as foreign, and he believed that the great introduction of Western ideas and literature that the May Fourth Movement promoted was not beneficial to China.

It was believed that the Encyclopédie was the work of an organized band of conspirators against society, and that the dangerous ideas they held were made truly formidable by their open publication.

Their ideas included the creation of a truly Islamic society under sharia law, and the rejection of taqlid, the blind imitation of earlier authorities, which they believed deviated from the true messages of Islam.

Unlike earlier anti-colonial movements, Islamic Jihad directed its attacks against what it believed were " apostate " leaders of Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western / foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies.

Taking a page from the German phenomenological movement, he believed that our ideas are the product of experiences of real-life situations, and that novels and plays can well describe such fundamental experiences, having equal value to discursive essays for the elaboration of philosophical theories such as existentialism.

The Kuomintang founder Sun Yat-sen, was heavily influenced by the economic ideas of Henry George, who believed that the rents extracted from natural monopolies or the usage of land belonged to the public.

Agassiz was a creationist who believed nature had order because God has created it directly and Agassiz viewed his career in science for the search of ideas in the mind of the creator expressed in creation.

Foreshadowing his later ideas, he believed price controls interfered with an essential signaling mechanism to help resources be used where they were most valued.

As early as the fourth century, his orthodoxy was suspect, largely because he believed in the pre-existence and transmigration of souls, and apokatastasis, or universal reconciliation, ideas acknowledged to be beyond the pale of Christianity.

Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans, and he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.

The concept includes a number of interrelated ideas ; the unifying one is that tradition refers to beliefs, objects or customs performed or believed in in the past, originating in it, transmitted through time by being taught by one generation to the next, and are performed or believed in the present.

Rushing believed this to be the start of a recurring role, in return for which he would supply creative ideas from his experiences-much of the character of Bo Duke he states to be based on him.

Based on the works of the 19th century thinker Charles Hodge, the group was devoted to strengthening the faith of students faced with what members believed to be the " theological disarray " of the times, and to providing an example of how to oppose " false and destructive ideas.

Phenomenalism differs from Berkeleyan idealism primarily in that Berkeley believed that minds, or souls, are not merely ideas nor made up of ideas, whereas varieties of phenomenalism, such as that advocated by Russell, tended to go farther to say that the mind itself is merely a collection of perceptions, memories, etc., and that there is no mind or soul over and above such mental events.

Both Plato's cave and Platonism have meaningful, not just superficial connections, because Plato's ideas were preceded and probably influenced by the hugely popular Pythagoreans of ancient Greece, who believed that the world was, quite literally, generated by numbers.

His ideas were later expanded by Ptolemy ( 1st century AD ), who believed that the Indian Ocean was enclosed on the south by land, and that the lands of the Northern Hemisphere should be balanced by land in the south.

" Madison believed The Federalist Papers were the ideas of the Founders and not just mere expressions.

Plato believed that these ideas are eternal and vastly superior to their manifestations in the world, and that we understand these manifestations in the material world by comparing and relating them to their respective ideal form.

For instance, Asger Jorn never believed in a conception of the Situationist ideas as exclusively artistic and separated from political involvement.