AMR is the property of a material in which a dependence of electrical resistance on the angle between the direction of electric current and orientation of magnetic field is observed.

The dependence of resistance now has a permanent offset which is linear around the null point.

Much of the initial resistance to Joule's work stemmed from its dependence upon extremely precise measurements.

Despite Britain's dependence on American economic aid, the British refused, claiming that they were experiencing too much resistance from the Arabs and Jews already in Palestine and feared what would happen if more were allowed to enter.

Ward-Perkins suggests the Welsh had to abandon those Roman ways which proved insufficient, or indeed superfluous, to meet the challenge of survival they faced, “ Militarized tribal societies, despite their political fragmentation and internecine strife, seem to have offered better protection against Germanic invasion then exclusive dependence on a professional Roman army ( that in the troubled years of the fifth century was all too prone to melt away or mutiny ).” Reverting to a more militaristic tribal society allowed the Welsh of Gwynedd to concentrate on those martial skills necessary for their very survival ; and the Romano-Britons of western Britain did offer stiffer and an ultimately successful resistance.

* altering mobility behavior and modal split, problems of habituation and resistance to change, car dependence,

The temperature dependence of electrical resistance and thus of electronic devices ( wires, resistors ) has to be taken into account when constructing devices and circuits.

( B ) the reduction of dependence on external sources.

This includes foreseeing balance-of-payments crises, with adequate attention to reducing dependence on imports and adopting realistic exchange rates to encourage infant industries and spur exports.

Its elimination would result in the saving of interest costs, heavy when short-term money rates are high, and in freedom from dependence on credit which is not always available when needed most.

They showed no marked dependence on the flow rate within the accuracy of these measurements.

The theory predicts a linear dependence of Af on Af, where J is the experimentally determined Curie-Weiss constant.

By comparing reaction cells sealed from the same manifold temperature dependency corresponding to activation energies ranging from 11 to 18 Af was observed while dependence on the first power of the light intensity seemed to be indicated in most cases.

The diurnal variation in the observed flux may be partly due to the dependence of the detector sensitivity on the incident velocity.

In an over-all ASW concept, dependence on and effort expended for such systems should be limited to those with proven capabilities.

The council agreed it should more firmly state its belief in and dependence on the Bible.

With its zeal for liberty and its dependence on God it breathed the spirit which had been nourished on the Evangelical revivals.

From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many Southern states, suffered economic hardship, in part because of continued dependence on agriculture.

The consequent blockade along both the Azerbaijani and Turkish borders has devastated the economy, because of Armenia's dependence on outside supplies of energy and most raw materials.

Secondary industries helped reduce the state's dependence on primary industries.

This corresponds to a speed of around 0. 05 c. There is surprisingly small variation around this energy, due to the heavy dependence of the half-life of this process on the energy produced ( see equations in the Geiger – Nuttall law ).

His demands were certainly grand: the concession of a block of territory 200 miles long by 150 wide between the Danube and the Gulf of Venice ( to be held probably on some terms of nominal dependence on the Empire ) and the title of commander-in-chief of the imperial army.

He also vanquished Alfonso VII of León, came to the rescue of his mother, whose nephew he was, and thus freed the kingdom from political dependence on the crown of his cousin of León.

The test presents roughly the same amount of mode I and mode II with a slight dependence on the ratio of the two layer thicknesses.

Olav Hammer suggests that anthroposophy carries scientism " to lengths unparalleled in any other Esoteric position " due to its dependence upon claims of clairvoyant experience, its subsuming natural science under " spiritual science ", and its development of what Hammer calls " fringe " sciences such as anthroposophical medicine and biodynamic agriculture justified partly on the basis of the ethical and ecological values they promote, rather than purely on a scientific basis.

A number of harmful and undesired ( adverse ) effects have been observed, including lowered life expectancy, extrapyramidal effects on motor control – including akathisia ( an inability to sit still ), trembling, and muscle weakness – weight gain, decrease in brain volume ( although this is being debated, since schizophrenia, which is often treated with antipsychotics, also causes a shrinkage of brain volume ), enlarged breasts ( gynecomastia ) in men and milk discharge in men and women ( galactorrhea due to hyperprolactinaemia ), lowered white blood cell count ( agranulocytosis ), involuntary repetitive body movements ( tardive dyskinesia ), diabetes, sexual dysfunction, a return of psychosis requiring increasing the dosage due to cells producing more neurochemicals to compensate for the drugs ( tardive psychosis ), and a potential for permanent chemical dependence leading to psychosis worse than before treatment began, if the drug dosage is ever lowered or stopped ( tardive dysphrenia ).

Alcoholism is characterised by an increased tolerance of and physical dependence on alcohol, affecting an individual's ability to control alcohol consumption safely.

Women with alcoholism are more likely to have a history of physical or sexual assault, abuse and domestic violence than those in the general population, which can lead to higher instances of psychiatric disorders and greater dependence on alcohol.

Abstraction in mathematics is the process of extracting the underlying essence of a mathematical concept, removing any dependence on real world objects with which it might originally have been connected, and generalizing it so that it has wider applications or matching among other abstract descriptions of equivalent phenomena.

* BCS theory predicts the dependence of the value of the energy gap E at temperature T on the critical temperature T < sub > c </ sub >.

However, despite the success of Drude's free electron model, it had one notable problem, in that it was unable to correctly explain the electronic contribution to the specific heat of metals, as well as the temperature dependence of resistivity at low temperatures.

Pierre Curie studied the dependence of magnetization on temperature and discovered the Curie point phase transition in ferromagnetic materials.

The temperature dependence of the rate constant usually follows the Arrhenius equation:

In the case of volumic thermal expansion at constant pressure and small intervals of temperature the dependence of temperature of density is:

The strong dependence of the rate of energy generation in the core on the temperature and pressure helps to sustain this balance.

The dependence of the hydrogen fusion rate on temperature and pressure means that it is only when it is compressed and heated at the surface of the white dwarf to a temperature of some 20 million kelvin that a nuclear fusion reaction occurs ; at these temperatures, hydrogen burns via the CNO cycle.

Characteristics of a circuit using an op-amp are set by external components with little dependence on temperature changes or manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself, which makes op-amps popular building blocks for circuit design.

Due to the temperature dependence of ρ < sub > n </ sub > ( figure 3 ) these waves in ρ < sub > n </ sub > are also temperature waves.

The dependence of the electron energy distribution on temperature also explains why the conductivity of a semiconductor has a strong temperature dependency, as a semiconductor operating at lower temperatures will have fewer available free electrons and holes able to do the work.

* Douglass, D. H., B. D. Pearson, and S. F. Singer ( 2004 ), Altitude dependence of atmospheric temperature trends: Climate models versus observation, Geophys.

While this equation suggests that the activation energy is dependent on temperature, in regimes in which the Arrhenius equation is valid this is cancelled by the temperature dependence of k. Thus, E < sub > a </ sub > can be evaluated from the reaction rate coefficient at any temperature ( within the validity of the Arrhenius equation ).

Pressure dependence of water melting pointNot only is heat required to raise the temperature of the solid to the melting point, but the melting itself requires heat called the heat of fusion.

Quartz has the further advantage that its elastic constants and its size change in such a way that the frequency dependence on temperature can be very low.

The Arrhenius equation is a simple, but remarkably accurate, formula for the temperature dependence of the reaction rate constant, and therefore, rate of a chemical reaction.

In short, the Arrhenius equation gives " the dependence of the rate constant k of chemical reactions on the temperature T ( in absolute temperature kelvins ) and activation energy E < sub > a </ sub >", as shown below: