In law a witness might be compelled to provide testimony in court, before a grand jury, before an administrative tribunal, before a deposition officer, or in a variety of other proceedings ( e. g., judgment debtor examination ).

In the law of the United States, a deposition is the out-of-court oral testimony of a witness that is reduced to writing for later use in court or for discovery purposes.

Expert witness deposition.

Depending upon the amount in controversy and the ability of the witness to appear at trial, audio or video recordings of the deposition are sometimes taken as well.

Thereafter, the court reporter makes a verbatim stenographic record of all that is said during the deposition, in the same manner that witness testimony is recorded in court.

They still can be made sometime at the deposition to indicate the serious problem to judge and withness, but the witness must answer the question despite these objections.

When a witness's testimony in open court is inconsistent with that given at deposition, a party can introduce the deposition to impeach ( or contradict ) the witness.

In the event a witness is unavailable for trial ( usually because they are deceased, seriously ill, or live hundreds of miles away ), their deposition may be read or played before the jury and made part of the record in the case, with the same legal force as live testimony.

The rationale is that generally, a witness must give consistent testimony on all material issues of fact both at deposition and at trial ( unless there is a very good reason for changing one's answers ), or else the inconsistencies can and will be used to impeach his credibility.

Regarding depositions to preserve testimony, the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution establishes a constitutional right of the defendant to be present during the deposition and to cross-examine the witness.

Under current law in these jurisdictions, a prior inconsistent statement made by a witness ( even when not made under oath at a judicial proceeding or deposition ) is admissible as substantive evidence provided the declarant signed the statement.

The method of using a subpoena duces tecum is generally valid only to compel a witness to produce documents and other things at the time of the deposition.

Former OSS agent William Gowen has also given deposition as an expert witness that in 1946 Colonel Ivan Babić transported 10 truckloads of gold from Switzerland to the Pontifical College.

No material witness may be detained because of inability to comply with any condition of release if the testimony of such witness can adequately be secured by deposition, and if further detention is not necessary to prevent a failure of justice.

Release of a material witness may be delayed for a reasonable period of time until the deposition of the witness can be taken pursuant to the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.

* 461 – Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the magister militum Ricimer.

So-called structure zone models were developed to describe the micro structure and ceramics of thin films as a function of the homologous temperature T < sub > h </ sub > that is the ratio of deposition temperature over melting temperature.

According to these models, a necessary ( but not sufficient ) condition for the occurrence of amorphous phases is that T < sub > h </ sub > has to be smaller than 0. 3, that is the deposition temperature must be below 30 % of the melting temperature.

" Acid rain " is a popular term referring to the deposition of wet ( rain, snow, sleet, fog, cloudwater, and dew ) and dry ( acidifying particles and gases ) acidic components.

The ability for these animals to have improved FCR is due to an altered composition of body weight gain which includes increased protein and decreased fat deposition.

Today riverine deposition at the coast is often blocked by dams and other human regulatory devices, which remove the sediment from the stream by causing it to be deposited inland.

Rafting by ice of stones into marine environments occurred during much of the Cretaceous but evidence of deposition directly from glaciers is limited to the Early Cretaceous of the Eromanga Basin in southern Australia.

This is evidenced by widespread black shale deposition and frequent anoxic events.

This process occurs slowly in nature and is responsible for the deposition and accumulation of limestone over geologic time.

Chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ) is a chemical process used to produce high-purity, high-performance solid materials.

PECVD processing allows deposition at lower temperatures, which is often critical in the manufacture of semiconductors.

* Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition ( MOCVD ) – This CVD process is based on metalorganic precursors.

* Fused deposition modeling, a process by which a part is constructed by depositing material layer by layer

An alternative, and completely different growth technique is chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ).

It is not too difficult to experimentally observe non-uniform deposition of energy when light is absorbed, however this alone is not evidence of " particulate " behavior of light.

Such shallow tissue deposition of laser energy is helpful in laser surgery, and for the efficient production of steam for laser enamel ablation in certain types of laser dentistry.

Calcium and sulfur are also produced by weathering, but acid deposition is an important source of sulfur in many ecosystems.

Another form of sterile endocarditis, is termed Libman-Sacks endocarditis ; this form occurs more often in patients with lupus erythematosus and is thought to be due to the deposition of immune complexes.

When the upcurrent amount of sediment is greater, sand or gravel banks will tend to form as a result of deposition.

In chronostratigraphy, a stage is a succession of rock strata laid down in a single age on the geologic timescale, which usually represents millions of years of deposition.

Frost is the solid deposition of water vapor from saturated air.

From the end of October onwards the child maintained an obstinate silence, explained by Laurent as a determination taken on the day he made his deposition against his mother.

: b ) The greatest care must be taken to determine whether relics intended for deposition are authentic.

Within four years of graduating from law school ( and before he had taken a deposition in any lower court civil proceeding ) Rex argued his first case in the United States Supreme Court.

She had had surgery in New York, and at one point Leibowitz requested that her deposition be taken as a dying declaration.

The Unconformity | angular unconformity found by James Hutton in 1788 at Siccar Point demonstrated the time taken for erosion of tilted rock and deposition of overlying layers.

Police investigators ruled his death as a suicide, confirming his bodyguard's deposition, who said the former prime minister was with him when he grabbed the guard's gun, while according to the first version of events which appeared in the press Bérégovoy had returned alone to the car and had taken the gun from the glove box.

Votive hoards are different from the above in that they are often taken to represent permanent abandonment, in the form of purposeful deposition of items, either all at once or over time for ritual purposes, without intent to recover them.

" However, if the will is not self-proved, then " a will wholly in the handwriting of the testator may be proved by two witnesses to his handwriting, which evidence may be by sworn testimony or affidavit taken in open court, or, if such witnesses are non-residents of the county or are residents who are unable to attend court, by deposition, either written or oral, taken in the same manner and under the same rules as depositions taken in other civil actions.

: b ) The greatest care must be taken to determine whether relics intended for deposition are authentic.

Although internationally recognized only for the period of Cuza's rule, the union was cemented by Cuza's unsanctioned interventions in the text of previous organic laws, as well as by the circumstances of his deposition in 1866, when the rapid election of Carol of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, who had the backing of an increasingly important Prussia, and the Austro-Prussian War made measures taken against the union impossible.

In a sworn deposition taken between July and August 1993 and submitted in Church of Scientology International vs. Steven Fishman and Uwe Geertz, Scarff testified, "... I was directed, one, to go to Chicago, Illinois and to murder Cynthia Kisser, Cynthia Kisser being the Executive Director of the Cult Awareness Network, by a staged car accident.

Deep core samples of sediments taken in the 1980s show peaks of mercury during prehistoric times that " likely originated from natural processes such as volcanic and / or tectonic activity within the Clear Lake Basin " A report published in Geology, November 1987 theorized, " that mercury-rich geothermal fluids rose along the activated fractures and faults and were discharged into the lake, causing the anomalously high Hg content of the sediments and leading to deposition of the Sulphur Bank Hg deposit.