Making non-arable land arable often involves digging new irrigation canals and new wells, aqueducts, desalination plants, planting trees for shade in the desert, hydroponics, fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides, reverse osmosis water processors, PET film insulation or other insulation against heat and cold, digging ditches and hills for protection against the wind, and greenhouses with internal light and heat for protection against the cold outside and to provide light in cloudy areas.

* Israel: Israel's land primarily consisted of desert until the construction of desalination plants along the country's coast.

In both parts of the island, water shortage is a growing problem, and several desalination plants are planned.

The spill threatened industrial facilities in ' Al Jubayl because of the seawater cooling system for primary industries and threatened the supply of potable water produced by seawater-fed desalination plants.

These are commonly found at refineries, district heating units, pulp and paper plants, and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are available.

Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, molybdenum, among other elements, to produce strong lightweight alloys for aerospace ( jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft ), military, industrial process ( chemicals and petro-chemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper ), automotive, agri-food, medical prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental and endodontic instruments and files, dental implants, sporting goods, jewelry, mobile phones, and other applications.

lack of natural freshwater resources being overcome by desalination plants ; desertification ; beach pollution from oil spills

Seawater applications, like desalination plants, often use duplex valves, as well as super duplex valves, due to their corrosion resistant properties, particularly against warm seawater.

Since the early 1980s, however, desalination plants, which render seawater suitable for domestic and industrial use, have provided about 60 % of daily water consumption needs.

According to the International Desalination Association, in 2009, 14, 451 desalination plants operated worldwide, producing per day, a year-on-year increase of 12. 3 %.

However, the majority of current and planned cogeneration desalination plants use either fossil fuels or nuclear power as their source of energy.

Eight nuclear reactors coupled to desalination plants are operating in Japan alone ... nuclear desalination plants could be a source of large amounts of potable water transported by pipelines hundreds of miles inland ..."

averages or less annually, and the island ’ s residents rely on one of the world ’ s largest desalination plants for most of their drinking water.

Projects likely to be opposed include but are not limited to tall buildings, chemical plants, industrial parks, military bases, wind turbines, desalination plants, landfills, incinerators, power plants, prisons, mobile telephone network masts, schools, kindergartens, nuclear waste dumps, youth hostels, wind farms, golf courses, sports stadiums, housing developments and especially transportation improvement schemes ( e. g. new roads, passenger and freight railways, highways, airports, seaports ).

The government of Australia responded to the f2011 Tuvaluan drought by working with New Zealand to supply temporary desalination plants ; Australia also provide water tanks as part of the longer term solution for the storage of available fresh water.

The government of New Zealand responded to the fresh-water crisis caused by the 2011 Tuvaluan drought by supplying temporary desalination plants and personnel to repair existing desalination plants.

The scarcity of rainfall and the limited underground water, most of which has such a high mineral content that it is unsuitable for drinking or irrigation, restricted the population and the extent of agricultural and industrial development the country could support until desalination projects began.

Shown to the right is a simulated image of a hydrophilic coated hole in a nanoporous graphene desalination pressure-powered reverse osmosis filter which would allow only water through, efficiently rejecting the sodium and chloride ions that make sea water non-potable.

Reverse osmosis plant membrane systems typically use less energy than thermal distillation, which has led to a reduction in overall desalination costs over the past decade.

For desalination, cogeneration is the production of potable water from seawater or brackish groundwater in an integrated, or " dual-purpose ", facility in which a power plant becomes the source of energy for desalination.

Additionally, the current trend in dual-purpose facilities is hybrid configurations, in which the permeate from a reverse osmosis desalination component is mixed with distillate from thermal desalination.

Claimed benefits of this method of desalination are that it requires less maintenance than reverse osmosis membranes and that the primary energy input is from geothermal heat, which is a low-environmental-impact source of energy.

As part of the city's 5-year plan to be completely water-independent, construction of a desalination plant is planned for Rishon which will produce 3. 7 million cubic meters of water per year, whilst the city already hosts the large Shafdan recycling plant.

NEWater and desalination were explored as means to reduce reliance on water imported from Malaysia, which has been a source of friction over the years.

In addition to several factories, the Industrial Area has built on it a large power plant, a water desalination plant ( which supplies 75 % of Bahrain's clean water requirements ), and a drydock ( Arab Shipbuilding and Repair Yard or ASRY ).

Inis Meáin also has a wind farm which runs its desalination plant and fuels electric cars.

In 1993, two complete desalination machines were placed on the island, which operate for four hours each day, generating approximately 6, 000 gallons of fresh water.

This proposal was popularized in Discover Magazine, featuring solar-powered desalination equipment used to irrigate the desert in which the system was based.

Many desalination plants have begun retrofitting and new sustainable technologies, which can also serve as decentralized utilities are being developed by many specialized companies.

One potential byproduct of desalination is salt.

* salt – from desalination

Originally designed for concentrating sugar in sugar cane juice, it has since become widely used in all industrial applications where large volumes of water must be evaporated, such as salt production and water desalination.

The station is composed of a main building-equipped with reverse osmosis salt water desalination system, photovoltaics system and satellite communications system ; deposits and a mooring dock.

The U. S. first imported water from Jamaica via barges, then relocated a desalination plant from San Diego, California ( Point Loma ).

Although water continues to be provided from underground sources, most is obtained by desalination of seawater.

desertification ; depletion of ground water resources ; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination facilities ; coastal pollution from oil spills

Large-scale desalination typically uses large amounts of energy and specialized, expensive infrastructure, making it more expensive than fresh water from conventional sources, such as rivers or groundwater.

In places far from the sea, like New Delhi, or in high places, like Mexico City, high transport costs would add to the high desalination costs.

The Perth desalination plant is powered partially by renewable energy from the Emu Downs Wind Farm.

Around 1995, entrepreneur Douglas Firestone from Nevada came up with an idea to use geothermal water directly as a source for desalination.

It provides 50 % of the country's drinking water through desalination of the water from the Persian Gulf.

Israel agreed to supply Jordan 10 million cubic metres water from the same location as in 2. a above, outside the summer period and during dates Jordan selected, subject to transmission capacity from the treaty's effective date ( TED ) until the desalination facilities became operational.

It provides 50 % of the country's drinking water through desalination of seawater from the Persian Gulf.

Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations, including groundwater ( aquifers ), surface water ( lakes and rivers ), conservation and the sea through desalination.

Although the best option varies from region to region, desalination is often superior economically, as reclaimed water usually requires a dual piping network, often with additional storage tanks, when used for nonpotable use.