The radiation flux without a sample and with a sample in the atomizer is measured using a detector, and the ratio between the two values ( the absorbance ) is converted to analyte concentration or mass using the Beer-Lambert Law.

The radiation then passes through a monochromator in order to separate the element-specific radiation from any other radiation emitted by the radiation source, which is finally measured by a detector.

A linear charge coupled device ( CCD ) array with 200 pixels is used as the detector.

In HR-CS AAS background correction is carried out mathematically in the software using information from detector pixels that are not used for measuring atomic absorption ; hence, in contrast to LS AAS, no additional components are required for background correction.

The backscattered radiation ( dots ) re-enters the device and is reflected and directed into a detector ( 12 ).

Particulates ( or deliberately introduced seed material ) flowing along with air molecules near where the beam exits reflect, or backscatter, the light back into a detector, where it is measured relative to the original laser beam.

Rather, the sample is evaporated in a controlled manner ( field evaporation ) and the evaporated ions are impacted onto a detector, which may be up to several meters from the specimen.

After introduction into the vacuum system, the sample is reduced to cryogenic temperatures ( typically 20-100 K ) and manipulated such that the needle's point is aimed towards an ion detector.

The computational conversion of the ion sequence data, as obtained from a position sensitive detector, to a three dimensional visualisation of atomic types, is termed " reconstruction ".

Most models for reconstruction assume that the tip is a spherical object, and utilise empirical corrections to stereographic projection to convert detector positions back to a 2D surface embedded in R < sup > 3 </ sup >.

By sweeping this surface through R < sup > 3 </ sup > as a function of the ion sequence input data, such as via ion-ordering, a volume is generated onto which positions the 2D detector positions can be computed and placed three-dimensional space.

* The retention time is the characteristic time it takes for a particular analyte to pass through the system ( from the column inlet to the detector ) under set conditions.

The measuring function is completed by the detector, transducer and transmitter.

In its mathematical form it is analogous to the description of a physical wave, but its " crests " and " troughs " indicate levels of probability for the occurrence of certain phenomena ( e. g., a spark of light at a certain point on a detector screen ) that can be observed in the macro world of ordinary human experience.

If a ray tracing is then made as if a light wave ( as understood in classical physics ) is wide enough to take both paths, then that ray tracing will accurately predict the appearance of maxima and minima on the detector screen when many particles pass through the apparatus and gradually " paint " the expected interference pattern.

When a single photon is sent through an interferometer, it passes through both paths, interfering with itself, as waves do, yet is detected by a photomultiplier or other sensitive detector only once.

To separate and analyze them, the fluorescent radiation is passed through an Emission monochromator, and observed selectively by a detector.

A detector is placed so as to collect these repelled ions ; the image formed from all the collected ions can be of sufficient resolution to image individual atoms on the tip surface.

A prior separation stage is necessary and the additives are first separated by high liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) and then determined on-line using a UV and / or visible detector.

Unambiguous detection of individual gravitons, though not prohibited by any fundamental law, is impossible with any physically reasonable detector.

A Geiger – Müller counter, also called a Geiger counter, is a type of particle detector that measures ionizing radiation.

For reception, a local oscillator will typically restore the suppressed carrier so the signal can be demodulated with a product detector.

Noise measurements using this weighting typically also use a quasi-peak detector law rather than slow averaging.

Optical relay systems that allow the source and detector each to be about a meter from the sample are typically employed.

The schematic of an HPLC instrument typically includes a sampler by which the sample mixture is injected into the HPLC, one or more mechanical pumps for pushing liquid through a tubing system, a separation column, a digital analyte detector ( e. g. a UV / Vis, or a photodiode array ( PDA )) for qualitative or quantitative analysis of the separation, and a digital microprocessor for controlling the HPLC components ( and user software ).

Some long-wave cameras require their detector to be cryogenically cooled, typically for several minutes before use, although moderately sensitive infrared cameras are produced that do not require cryogenic cooling.

The operation of single interlock systems are similar to dry systems except that these systems require that a “ preceding ” fire detection event, typically the activation of a heat or smoke detector, takes place prior to the “ action ” of water introduction into the system ’ s piping by opening the pre-action valve, which is a mechanically latched valve ( i. e., similar to a deluge valve ).

These systems require that both a “ preceding ” fire detection event, typically the activation of a heat or smoke detector, and an automatic sprinkler operation take place prior to the “ action ” of water introduction into the system ’ s piping.

A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.

A key advantage for this technology is that the instrument is not required to be in contact with the fluid – typically the source and detector are mounted on the outside of tanks or piping.

The overall signal production efficiency of the detector, however, also depends on the quantum efficiency of the PMT ( typically ~ 30 % at peak ), and on the efficiency of light transmission and collection ( which depends on the type of reflector material covering the scintillator and light guides, the length / shape of the light guides, any light absorption, etc .).

Whisk broom or spotlight sensors have the effect of stopping the scan, and focusing the detector on one part of the swath, typically capturing greater detail in that area.

Once the signal is digitized, it is separated into quadrature and in-phase components using a quadrature detector, which is typically implemented with a discrete Hilbert transform.

A light source illuminates the sample using a specific wavelength ( selected by an optical filter, or a monochromator ), and a light detector located on the other side of the well measures how much of the initial ( 100 %) light is transmitted through the sample: the amount of transmitted light will typically be related to the concentration of the molecule of interest.

These subsystems include devices that provide telescope pointing capability, operation of the detector ( typically a CCD camera ), control of the dome or telescope enclosure, control over the telescope's focuser, detection of weather conditions, and other capabilities.

* Confocal laser scanning microscopes use multiple mirrors ( typically 2 or 3 scanning linearly along the x and the y axis ) to scan the laser across the sample and " descan " the image across a fixed pinhole and detector.

The disadvantages of a heterodyne bat detector are that it can only convert a narrow band of frequencies, typically 5 kHz, and has to be continually retuned, and can easily miss species out of its current tuned range.

An automatic door closer ( more often called a " door opener ") opens the door itself, typically under the control of a push button, motion detector or other device, and then closes it as well, typically employing a motion or proximity detector to determine when it is safe to close the door.

Spectrometer response is typically from 1100 nm ( near infrared ) to 170 nm ( deep ultraviolet ), the approximate response range of a CCD detector.

* Multigas detector: Measuring device designed to indicate concentrations of multiple ( typically four ) selected gases, such as oxygen, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, hydrogen cyanide, etc.

Additionally, given the relatively simple neural arrangement of the eye ( small number of synapses between detector and effector ) as well as the extremely large diameter of some ocellar interneurons ( often the largest diameter neurons in the animal's nervous system ) the ocelli are typically considered to be " faster " than the compound eyes.