The DSM has attracted praise for standardizing psychiatric diagnostic categories and criteria.

There are ongoing issues concerning the validity and reliability of the diagnostic categories ; the reliance on superficial symptoms ; the use of artificial dividing lines between categories and from ' normality '; possible cultural bias ; medicalization of human distress and financial conflicts of interest, including with the practice of psychiatrists and with the pharmaceutical industry ; political controversies about the inclusion or exclusion of diagnoses from the manual, in general or in regard to specific issues ; and the experience of those who are most directly affected by the manual by being diagnosed, including the consumer / survivor movement.

Finally published in 1980, the DSM-III was 494 pages and listed 265 diagnostic categories.

William Glasser, however, refers to the DSM as " phony diagnostic categories ", arguing that " it was developed to help psychiatrists – to help them make money ".

The UK National Health Service uses a similar system with categories labeled A, B, C, and D. The above Levels are only appropriate for treatment or interventions ; different types of research are required for assessing diagnostic accuracy or natural history and prognosis, and hence different " levels " are required.

Although the diagnostic categories are referred to as ' disorders ', they are presented as if medical diseases, but are not validated in the same way as most medical diagnoses.

Generally, modern medical professionals have given up the use of " hysteria " as a diagnostic category, replacing it with more precisely defined categories such as somatization disorder.

The Axis II personality disorders are often criticized because their comorbidity rates are excessively high, approaching 60 % in some cases, indicating to critics the possibility that these categories of mental illness are too imprecisely distinguished to be usefully valid for diagnostic purposes and, thus, for deciding how treatment resources should be allocated.

In psychiatry there is a particular issue with assessing the validity of the diagnostic categories themselves.

Kendell and Jablinsky ( 2003 ) emphasized the importance of distinguishing between validity and utility, and argued that diagnostic categories defined by their syndromes should be regarded as valid only if they have been shown to be discrete entities with natural boundaries that separate them from other disorders.

In addition, according to industry and market classifications, such as the Global Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark, health care includes many categories of medical equipment, instruments and services as well as biotechnology, diagnostic laboratories and substances, and drug manufacturing and delivery.

Galen, however, adopted a single symptom approach rather than broad diagnostic categories, for example studying separate states of sadness, excitement, confusion and memory loss.

In the meanwhile, serious limits of the current version of the DSM extremely high comorbidity, diagnostic heterogeneity of the categories, unclear boundaries have been interpreted as intrinsic anomalies of the criterial, neopositivistic approach leading the system to a state of scientific crisis.

This classification is based on the division of objects into one of three major functional categories: utilitarian objects, objects of personal adornment, and ceremonial objects Dating of these metal artifacts is based primarily on their association with stylistically diagnostic ceramic forms.

Existing diagnostic systems Computer Aided ( CAD, Computer Aid Diagnosis ) divided into two basic categories, as to how building ( development ): ( a ) Probability Systems ( Propability Systems ): These models are probabilistic type and not of particular interest.

Neurofeedback operates at a brain functional leveland transcends the need to classify using existing diagnostic categories.

Importantly, an EDNOS diagnosis may presage future diagnostic crossover into officially recognized eating disorder categories.

In the official Japanese diagnostic system, taijin kyofusho is subdivided into the following categories:

* investigation of specific signs and symptoms, rather than syndromes, as symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations, for example, are observed in patients who currently fall into a number of diagnostic categories, including schizophrenia and affective psychosis ;

However, a 2006 analysis found that special education data poorly measured prevalence because so many cases were undiagnosed, and that the 1994 – 2003 U. S. increase was associated with declines in other diagnostic categories, indicating that diagnostic substitution had occurred in the U. S. overall ( though not in California in particular ).

Category: Psychiatric diagnosis: marginal or unestablished diagnostic categories

Category: Psychiatric diagnosis: marginal or unestablished diagnostic categories

In United States v. Powers the court excluded the penile plethysmograph test because it failed to qualify under Daubert's scientific validity prong for two reasons: the scientific literature does not regard the test as a valid diagnostic tool, and " a vast majority of incest offenders who do not admit their guilt, such as Powers, show a normal reaction to the test.

The precise incidence of the disease is unknown, as diagnostic facilities are not available in much of its large native range which spans vast regions of equatorial jungle to the sub-tropics.

The Institute has got vast development over 73 years and it's now engaged in the production of various Vaccines, ( Bacterial and Viral Vaccines ) against various diseases of livestock and poultry, diagnostic reagents and Pharmaceutical products for treatment of ailing animals.

A majority of diagnostic imaging centers are located in California, followed by Texas and Florida.

Such conditions came under the aegis of psychiatry at the end of the 19th century and current psychiatric diagnostic criteria recognize several specific forms of the disorder.

Despite the lack of consensus on underlying causation, advocates for specific psychopathological paradigms have nonetheless faulted the current diagnostic scheme for not incorporating evidence-based models or findings from other areas of science.

In general, the mainstream psychiatric opinion remains that if a diagnostic category is valid, cross-cultural factors are either irrelevant or are only significant to specific symptom presentations.

In 2006, the ESSIC society proposed more rigorous and demanding diagnostic methods with specific classification criteria so that it cannot be confused with other, similar conditions.

High specific gravity is a diagnostic property of a mineral.

The key difference between specific phobias and social phobias is social phobias include fear of public situations and scrutiny which leads to embarrassment or humiliation in the diagnostic criteria.

This led many professional to say that psychosis is not specific enough as a diagnostic term.

He was therefore able to correlate sounds captured by his new instruments with specific pathological changes in the chest, in effect pioneering a new non-invasive diagnostic tool.

Radioactive chemical tracers emitting gamma rays or positrons can provide diagnostic information about a person's internal anatomy and the functioning of specific organs.

The logical channel identifier of zero is used for packets which don't relate to a specific virtual circuit ( e. g. packet layer restart, registration, and diagnostic packets ).

Depending on the specific parameters unique to each patient's diagnostic plan, samples collected for analysis can range from whole blood, urine, plasma, serum, to even packed red blood cells.

Bone X-rays are often key to diagnosing a specific skeletal dysplasia, but are not the sole diagnostic tool.

Advanced diagnostic methods have been developed since the appearance the SAEs, but more specific diagnostic tests that have been or are currently being development ( see: Diagnostics ) must to be supported and distributed if adequate loiasis surveillance is to be achieved.

With the PCR assay, a specific and sensitive diagnostic procedure is finally possible.

Several specific diagnostic criteria can be used to diagnose vascular dementia, including the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ( DSM-IV ) criteria, the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition ( ICD-10 ) criteria, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l ' Enseignement en Neurosciences ( NINDS-AIREN ) criteria, the Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Center criteria, and the Hachinski ischemic score.

This was until 1992 when Alzheimer's diagnostic centers created specific criteria known as the Hachinski's Ischemic Scale which became the standard for diagnosing MID or vascular dementia.

Some physicians consider it a real entity that has specific diagnostic criteria.

The diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorders ( PDD ), as opposed to specific developmental disorders ( SDD ), refers to a group of five disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication.

The specific diagnostic workup and treatments for corns may differ substantially from other forms of calluses

Of special concern is the secretion of alpha-fetoprotein ( AFP ); under some circumstances AFP can be used as a diagnostic marker specific for the presence of yolk sac cells within the teratoma.

Its specific name, albirostris, translates to " white beak ", a reference to the color of the species ' beak, a diagnostic ( albeit variable ) trait useful in identification.

Cuvier named it Ziphius cavirostris, the specific name being derived from the Latin cavus for " hollow " or " concave ", in reference to the deep hollow ( the prenarial basin ) in the skull, a diagnostic trait of the species.