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discovery and crystals
# The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena, including the connection between optical structure and crystalline forms ;
In 1914, Max von Laue of Germany won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals, which was a crucial step towards the invention of X-ray spectroscopy.
After his accidental discovery, Reinitzer did not pursue studying liquid crystals further.
With all the important work he accomplished in physics – the enunciation of Boyle's law, the discovery of the part taken by air in the propagation of sound, and investigations on the expansive force of freezing water, on specific gravities and refractive powers, on crystals, on electricity, on colour, on hydrostatics, etc.
His discovery of the polarization of light by reflection was published in 1809 and his theory of double refraction of light in crystals, in 1810.
The medal has on occasion been awarded to multiple people at a time ; in 1938 it was won by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton " for their discovery that nuclei could be disintegrated by artificially produced bombarding particles ", in 1981 by Peter Higgs and Tom Kibble " for their international contributions about the spontaneous breaking of fundamental symmetries in elementary-particle theory ", in 1982 by Drummond Matthews and Frederick Vine " for their elucidation of the magnetic properties of the ocean floors which subsequently led to the plate tectonic hypothesis " and in 1988 by Archibald Howie and M. J. Whelan " for their contributions to the theory of electron diffraction and microscopy, and its application to the study of lattice defects in crystals ".
Geim has received several awards for his pioneering research on graphene, including the 2007 Mott medal for the " discovery of a new class of materials – free-standing two-dimensional crystalsin particular graphene ", the 2008 EuroPhysics Prize ( together with Novoselov ) " for discovering and isolating a single free-standing atomic layer of carbon ( graphene ) and elucidating its remarkable electronic properties ", and the 2009 Körber Prize for " develop the first two-dimensional crystals made of carbon atoms ".
Prior to the discovery of quasicrystals, crystals were modeled as discrete lattices, generated by a list of independent finite translations.
On extending this inquiry to other allotropic crystals, he observed a similar variation, and was thus led, in 1825, to the discovery that allotropic crystals, when heated, expand unequally in the direction of dissimilar axes.

discovery and abilities
The discovery, on or about 10 September 1994, by David Noble, a field officer of the Wollemi National Park in Blackheath, in the Blue Mountains, only occurred because of his adventurous bushwalking and rock climbing abilities.
* illustrated biography of Meggan's discovery of her shape-shifting abilities
The story is about Matilda Wormwood, an extraordinary child with ordinary and rather unpleasant parents, who are contemptuous of their daughter's prodigious talents, and her discovery of her telekinetic abilities.
Of the Dinobots, only Slag retained the ability to transform, until the discovery of new nucleon allowed all the Transformers previously empowered by it to regain their transforming abilities.
The 5, 000 square metre Ian Potter Foundation Children's Garden is designed as a discovery area for children of all ages and abilities.
During the repairs, Narra and Zarru discover that humans can interface with Robotix to enhance their abilities, while a renewed attack by the Terrakors forces Bront to put the new discovery to the test.

discovery and was
Henrietta's feeling of identity with Sara Sullam was crowned by her discovery of the coincidence that Sara's epitaph in the Jewish cemetery in Venice referred to her as `` the Sulamite ''.
I fled, however, not from what might have been the natural fear of being unable to disguise from you that the things about my bridegroom -- in the sense you meant the word `` things '' -- which you had been galvanizing yourself to tell me as a painful part of your maternal duty were things which I had already insisted upon finding out for myself ( despite, I may now say, the unspeakable awkwardness of making the discovery on principle, yes, on principle, and in cold blood ) because I was resolved, as a modern woman, not to be a mollycoddle waiting for Life but to seize Life by the throat.
Just as I was about to enlarge upon my discovery of the underside of the leaf of love, memory, displeased at being asked to yield its unsavory secrets, dashed ahead of me, calling back over its shoulder: `` Skip it.
This complacency was blown to bits by the relativity of Einstein, the revelation of the complex anatomy of the atom and the discovery of the expanding universe.
He was stirred by the announcement of Volta's discovery of chemical electricity and he immediately applied the voltaic pile to experiments with acids and alkalis.
Esmarch was among those who witnessed Oersted's first demonstration of his discovery.
In this connection, it might be noted that the theory of games was a mathematical discovery long before its uses in political science were exploited.
To find a place for them in their theory of knowledge would require them to revise the theory radically, and yet that theory was what they regarded as their most important discovery.
And an additional factor was helping to make women more sexually self-assertive -- the comparatively recent discovery of the true depths of female desire and response.
His chief discovery was important -- the Great North ( later, the Hudson ) River -- but it produced no northwest passage.
The discovery during the Second World War that guar gum was similar to imported locust gum increased its cultivation in western Asia and initiated it in the United States.
The discovery that movies are a form of fiction was made in the early years of this century and it was made chiefly by two men, a French magician, Georges Melies, and an American employee of Edison, Edwin S. Porter.
This discovery of Melies was vastly more important than his sometimes dazzling, magician's tricks produced on film.
This reviewer read the book when it was first brought out in England with a sense of discovery and excitement.
The Norse discovery was documented in the 13th century Icelandic Sagas and was corroborated by recent L ' Anse aux Meadows archeological evidence.
An early pioneer of radio astronomy was Grote Reber, an amateur astronomer who constructed the first purpose built radio telescope in the late 1930s to follow up on the discovery of radio wavelength emissions from space by Karl Jansky.
The discovery was kept secret and only released to the public in November 1945.
The discovery of americium and curium in 1944 was closely related to the Manhattan Project ; the results were confidential and declassified only in 1945.
Thomson theorized that multiple electrons revolved in orbit-like rings within a positively charged jelly-like substance, and between the electron's discovery and 1909, this " plum pudding model " was the most widely accepted explanation of atomic structure.
In the end, this was solved by the discovery of modern quantum mechanics and the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
The discovery of CP violation helped to shed light on this problem by showing that this symmetry, originally thought to be perfect, was only approximate.
The discovery was made public at a recent meeting of the Brazilian Geophysical Society in Rio de Janeiro.
The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety.

discovery and made
The sequence of events leading to his important discovery still remains ambiguous but it seems that one of the advanced students at the university related that the first direct event that led to the publication of Oersted's discovery occurred during a private lecture made before a group of other advanced students in the spring of 1820.
Indeed, we should say, on the contrary, that the accident of our later discovery made no difference whatever to the badness of the animal's pain, that it would have been every whit as bad whether a chance passer-by happened later to discover the body and feel repugnance or not.
More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between micro-organisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms.
He made substantial contributions in many areas, the most important being his discovery of profound connections between algebraic geometry and number theory.
A rare discovery of metal plates belonging to wooden doors was made at Balawat ( Imgur-Enlil ).
There had been, however, a good deal of other evidence available before 1876, which, had it been collated and seriously studied, might have discounted the sensation that the discovery of the citadel graves eventually made.
But by laying bare in 1884 the upper stratum of remains on the rock of Tiryns, Schliemann made a contribution to our knowledge of prehistoric domestic life which was amplified two years later by Christos Tsountas's discovery of the palace at Mycenae.
The discovery and elucidation of aberration is now regarded as a classic case of the application of scientific method, in which observations are made to test a theory, but unexpected results are sometimes obtained that in turn lead to new discoveries.
Cosmologists now have fairly precise and accurate measurements of many of the parameters of the Big Bang model, and have made the unexpected discovery that the expansion of the Universe appears to be accelerating.
The discovery of potential therapies will be made easier using genome targets.
A major development was the discovery that steel could be made highly resistant to corrosion and discoloration by adding chromium to form stainless steel.
The discovery was made on Tuesday, February 18, 1930, using images taken the previous month.
This discovery was made public in a BBC TV programme in 1999, reviving debate about Soviet links to CND.
Hume made a philosophical discovery that opened up to him "... a new Scene of Thought ," which inspired him "... to throw up every other Pleasure or Business to apply entirely to it.
In 1801, the German physicist Johann Wilhelm Ritter made the discovery of ultraviolet by noting that the rays from a prism darkened silver chloride preparations more quickly than violet light.
The first major challenge to conventional eugenics based upon genetic inheritance was made in 1915 by Thomas Hunt Morgan, who demonstrated the event of genetic mutation occurring outside of inheritance involving the discovery of the hatching of a fruit fly with white eyes from a family and ancestry of the red-eyed Drosophila melanogaster species of fruit fly.
The first published discovery to receive subsequent confirmation was made in 1988 by the Canadian astronomers Bruce Campbell, G. A. H. Walker, and Stephenson Yang.
This discovery, made at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence, ushered in the modern era of exoplanetary discovery.
The first confirmed discovery of an extrasolar planet was made using this method.

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