The distinctive “ double-pull ” format that typifies most of these songs — also at times used, with slight changes, for pumps, windlass, and capstan, too — was a later development that appears to owe much to African-American work songs.

The distinctive “ double-pull ” format that typifies most of these songs — also at times used, with slight changes, for pumps, windlass, and capstan, too — was a later development that appears to owe much to African-American work songs.

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