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divergence and dates
Nearly all modern non-African humans have 1 % to 4 % of their DNA derived from Neanderthal DNA, and this finding is consistent with recent studies indicating that the divergence of some human alleles dates to one Ma, although the interpretation of these studies has been questioned.
The divergence of the three main descendant lines within Africa, L1 / A in Southern Africa ( Khoisan / Capoid peoples ), L2 / B in Central and West Africa ( Niger Congo-and Nilo-Saharan-speaking peoples, Mbuti pygmies ), and L3 ( East Africa, Out-of-Africa migration ), dates to about 100 to 80 thousand years ago.
The Revised Julian calendar, also known as the Rectified Julian calendar, or, less formally, New calendar, is a calendar, originated in 1923, which effectively discontinued the 340 years of divergence between the naming of dates sanctioned by those Eastern Orthodox churches adopting it and the Gregorian calendar that has come to predominate worldwide.
He was the chief pioneer of lexicostatistics, which attempts to classify languages on the basis of the extent to which they have replaced basic words reconstructible in the proto-language, and glottochronology, which extends lexicostatistics by computing divergence dates from the lexical retention rate.
Sometimes only a single divergence date can be estimated from fossils, with all other dates inferred from that.
It must be remembered that divergence dates inferred using a molecular clock are based on statistical inference and not on direct evidence.
Knowledge of approximately-constant rate of molecular evolution in particular sets of lineages also facilitates establishing the dates of phylogenetic events, including those not documented by fossils, such as the divergence of living taxa and the formation of the phylogenetic tree.
" Catarrhine primate divergence dates estimated from complete mitochondrial genomes: concordance with fossil and nuclear DNA evidence ".
Based off crude divergence rate calculations, the colonization of the Nearctic Leminitis dates back approximately four million years.

divergence and for
The common notation for the divergence ∇· F is a convenient mnemonic, where the dot denotes an operation reminiscent of the dot product: take the components of ∇ ( see del ), apply them to the components of F, and sum the results.
If T is a ( p, q )- tensor ( p for the contravariant vector and q for the covariant one ), then we define the divergence of T to be the ( p, q − 1 )- tensor
Haeckel ’ s illustrations show vertebrate embryos at different stages of development, which exhibit embryonic resemblance as support for evolution, recapitulation as evidence of the Biogenetic Law, and phenotypic divergence as evidence of von Baer ’ s laws.
In the 1990s several teams of paleoanthropologists were working throughout Africa looking for evidence of the earliest divergence of the Hominin lineage from the great apes.
There is little fossil evidence for the divergence of the gorilla, chimpanzee and hominin lineages.
The same divergence also presented a problem for the International Organization for Standardization ( Organisation internationale de normalisation ) at its founding in 1947 ; it settled on the short name ISO as a compromise between IOS and OIN.
Crowhurst et al., for instance, found that the “ Ozark subspecies ” denomination is insufficient for describing genetic ( and therefore evolutionary ) divergence within the Cryptobranchus genus in the Ozark region.
If we compress data in a manner that assumes q ( X ) is the distribution underlying some data, when, in reality, p ( X ) is the correct distribution, the Kullback Leibler divergence is the number of average additional bits per datum necessary for compression.
The beam in the cavity and the output beam of the laser, when travelling in free space ( or a homogenous medium ) rather than waveguides ( as in an optical fiber laser ), can be approximated as a Gaussian beam in most lasers ; such beams exhibit the minimum divergence for a given diameter.
* divergence analyses and generation of proposals for potential project regulations
Separately, recent work using computational phylogenetic methods claims to show that punctuational bursts play an important factor when languages split from one another, accounting for anywhere from 10 to 33 % of the total divergence in vocabulary.
See Genealogy of Jesus for alternative explanations of this radical divergence.
Focusing on the effect of sexual conflict, as hypothezised by William Rice, Locke Rowe et Göran Arnvist, Thierry Lodé underlines that the divergence of interest constitutes a key for evolutionary process.
In this approach, the metric geometry of probability distributions is studied ; this approach quantifies approximation error with, for example, the Kullback Leibler distance, Bregman divergence, and the Hellinger distance.
International standard ISO 11146-1: 2005 specifies methods for measuring beam widths ( diameters ), divergence angles and beam propagation ratios of laser beams ( if the beam is stigmatic ) and for general astigmatic beams ISO 11146-2 is applicable.
Beam divergence is often used to characterize electromagnetic beams in the optical regime, for cases in which the aperture from which the beam emerges is very large with respect to the wavelength.
A beam may, for example, have an elliptical cross section, in which case the orientation of the beam divergence must be specified, for example with respect to the major or minor axis of the elliptical cross section.
From the above expression for divergence, this means the Gaussian beam model is valid only for beams with waists larger than about.
Laser physicists typically choose to make θ the divergence of the beam: the far-field angle between the propagation direction and the distance from the beam axis for which the irradiance drops to 1 / e < sup > 2 </ sup > times the wavefront total irradiance.

divergence and various
A Riemannian metric ( tensor ) makes it possible to define various geometric notions on a Riemannian manifold, such as angles, lengths of curves, areas ( or volumes ), curvature, gradients of functions and divergence of vector fields.
By applying the divergence theorem in various contexts, other useful identities can be derived ( cf.
Apart from many fresh intellectual ideas and innovations ( for the Slovenian circumstances and intellectual coordinates, but very likely also in a wider sense ) Taja Kramberger has written many critical articles on various aspects of Slovenian history, cultural life, but also on broader European History and culture, e. g. on Spanish Civil War, different models of Enlightenment in Europe and the recurrent Enlightenment features in the works of Anton Tomaž Linhart, on epistemic divergence between Enlightenment's and Historismus's: de: Historismus ( Geschichtswissenschaft ) paradigms of historiography, on anthropology of translation, history of university and the formation of university habitus: fr: Habitus ( sociologie ), on literary and cultural fields: fr: Pierre Bourdieu # Théorie des champs in the 1930s in Slovenia ( by then partially covered by the administrative unit of Dravska banovina ) and on the role of women in the constitution of these fields etc.
Since the shocks form when the local air velocity reaches supersonic speeds over various features of the aircraft, there is a certain " critical mach " speed ( or drag divergence mach number ) where this effect becomes noticeable.
Del is used to calculate the gradient, curl, divergence, and laplacian of various objects.
Two-dimensional streamlines based on wind speeds at various levels show areas of convergence and divergence in the wind field, which are helpful in determining the location of features within the wind pattern.
In daily writing, which was not embellished in this manner, the typical script continued evolving in different directions in various regions, and this divergence was accelerated by both a lack of central political control as well as the spread of writing outside of the nobility.
In multicellular eukaryotic organisms, sympatric speciation is thought to be an uncommon but plausible process by which genetic divergence ( through reproductive isolation ) of various populations from a single parent species and inhabiting the same geographic region leads to the creation of new species.
There are various instances in which the Qur ' an disapproves of a divergence of beliefs such as the following:
Although disagreement over what constitutes a " significant " cultural divergence creates difficulties of categorization, " cross-cultural " is nevertheless useful in identifying writers, artists, works, etc., who may otherwise tend to fall between the cracks of various national cultures.
The geographical isolation of the various populations of this mainly sedentary group has led to its genetic divergence and speciation.
While there is some genetic divergence, the various populations are not considered taxonomically distinct and are commonly referred to by their location, e. g. Sepia apama upper Spencer Gulf population.

divergence and genotypes
High genetic diversity in North America and the absence of genotypes which are characteristic of the North American clade in the rest of Europe implies that southern Europe was colonized by immigration from North America ; however, sequence divergence suggests that this colonization substantially pre-dated human movements of fish.

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