This divergence from tradition led some of his colleagues, including Andre Weitzenhoffer, to dispute whether Erickson was right to label his approach " hypnosis " at all.

where ∇• is the divergence operator, ρ is the total charge density, including free and bound charge, in other words all the charge present in the system ( per unit volume ).

where ρ is the total charge density ( including bound charge ) and ∇· denotes the divergence.

Knowledge of approximately-constant rate of molecular evolution in particular sets of lineages also facilitates establishing the dates of phylogenetic events, including those not documented by fossils, such as the divergence of living taxa and the formation of the phylogenetic tree.

The infrared divergence of the vertex diagram is removed by including a diagram similar to the vertex diagram with the following important difference: the photon connecting the two legs of the electron is cut and replaced by two on shell ( i. e. real ) photons whose wavelengths tend to infinity ; this diagram is equivalent to the bremsstrahlung process.

While merger of the two organizations would have created a larger and more powerful organization, unity was stalled over terms of the union, including the composition of the governing bodies, divergent views on non-white membership, and disagreement over program owing to divergence between Southern and Northern farmers ' economic interests.

Many new technologies are being pioneered for this experiment, including the use of liquid metal jets as a pion production target, under test in the MERIT experiment, the use of Fixed Field Alternating Gradient ( FFAG ) accelerators, under test in the EMMA experiment, and liquid hydrogen energy reduction cavities for reducing the divergence in the muon beam during the intermediate stages.

Genetically speaking, the aardvark is a living fossil, as its chromosomes are highly conserved, reflecting much of the early eutherian arrangement before the divergence of the major modern taxa.

Note that just because a living fossil is a surviving representative of an archaic lineage does not necessarily require that it retains all of the " primitive " features ( plesiomorphies ) of the lineage it is descended from ; that is, they may possess one to many derived features ( autapomorphies ), that have evolved since the time of their lineage's divergence.

Thus, it rather appears as if the divergence of the Lesser Whitethroat complex and its closest living relatives is more ancient than assumed, and that it did not involve separation by ice sheets building up in Europe, but by aridification of the Arabian region ( which also occurred throughout the Ice Ages ).

There was a divergence in status within the working class between skilled and unskilled labor due to the fall in prices of some products and the skilled workers ' rising standard of living after the depression of 1929.

It may be placed as the closest living relative of the foraminiferans, but rapid genetic divergence between several groups makes this difficult to confirm.

They travelled back to 1923 and 1939 to discover the cause of the divergence from established history, and after meeting Adolf Hitler and the War Chief ( an old enemy of the Doctor's ), they realised that the Timewyrm was living within Hitler's mind.

Using a tree diagram and calculations, he indicates the " divergence of character " from original species into new species and genera.

The genera Escherichia and Salmonella diverged around 102 million years ago ( credibility interval: 57 – 176 mya ), which coincides with the divergence of their hosts: the former being found in mammals and the latter in birds and reptiles.

The level of divergence is the highest of any genera of birds and is more typical of the divergence between genera or even families.

P. roborovskii, on the other hand, has levels of genetic divergence from the other two taxa in the genus characteristic of genera among small mammals.

It also appears that divergence of the three groups took place in the Paleozoic or early Mesozoic before the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea and soon after their divergence from the lobe-finned fish.

According to Steven H Silver, alternate history requires three things: 1 ) the story must have a point of divergence from the history of our world prior to the time at which the author is writing, 2 ) a change that would alter history as it is known, and 3 ) an examination of the ramifications of that change.

Osiander's divergence from Luther's doctrine of justification by faith involved him in a violent quarrel with Philip Melanchthon, who had adherents in Königsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town.

Pre-Angkorian Khmer, the language after its divergence from Proto-Mon – Khmer until the ninth century, is only known from words and phrases in Sanskrit texts of the era.

The divergence of carnivorans from other miacids, as well as the divergence of the two clades within Carnivora, Caniformia and Feliformia, is now inferred to have happened in the middle Eocene, about 42 million years ago ( mya ).

Owing respectively to Green's theorem and the divergence theorem, such a field is necessarily conserved and free from sources or sinks, having net flux equal to zero through any open domain.

* In Scotland, the Disruption of 1843 refers to the divergence from the Church of Scotland of the Free Church of Scotland

More technically, the divergence represents the volume density of the outward flux of a vector field from an infinitesimal volume around a given point.

Continuing the divergence from rock and roll and blues begun by his work with Farthingale, Bowie joined forces with Finnigan, Christina Ostrom and Barrie Jackson to run a folk club on Sunday nights at the Three Tuns pub in Beckenham High Street.

The origin of the divergence of the term " extreme sports " from " sports " may date to the 1950s in the appearance of a phrase usually, but wrongly, attributed to Ernest Hemingway.

According to genetic studies, divergence of primates from other mammals began and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around.

In the 1990s several teams of paleoanthropologists were working throughout Africa looking for evidence of the earliest divergence of the Hominin lineage from the great apes.

Nearly all modern non-African humans have 1 % to 4 % of their DNA derived from Neanderthal DNA, and this finding is consistent with recent studies indicating that the divergence of some human alleles dates to one Ma, although the interpretation of these studies has been questioned.

While the divergence point of the mtDNA was unexpectedly deep in time, the full genomic sequence suggested the Denisovans belonged to the same lineage as Neanderthals, with the two diverging shortly after their line split from that giving rise to modern humans.

This is often recalculated as the divergence from the product of the marginal distributions to the actual joint distribution:

Another interpretation of KL divergence is this: suppose a number X is about to be drawn randomly from a discrete set with probability distribution p ( x ).

On the other hand the light from a semiconductor laser typically exits the tiny crystal with a large divergence: up to 50 °.

Their nearest linguistic relatives are the Igala who live on the opposite side of the Niger's divergence from the Benue, and from whom they are believed to have split about 2, 000 years ago.

Conversely, the cultural divergence at the border became sharper: in theory, a uniform French identity extends from the Atlantic coast to the Rhine, and on the other bank of the Rhine, a uniform German identity begins.

* Div ( divergence ) is a vector operator that measures a vector field's divergence from or convergence towards a given point.

The intuition that the sum of all sources minus the sum of all sinks should give the net flow outwards of a region is made precise by the divergence theorem.

Like all electromagnetic beams, lasers are subject to divergence, which is measured in milliradians ( mrad ) or degrees.

It is clear that the CNML predictive distribution is strictly superior to the maximum likelihood plug-in distribution in terms of average Kullback – Leibler divergence for all sample sizes.

The divergence theorem is thus a conservation law which states that the volume total of all sinks and sources, the volume integral of the divergence, is equal to the net flow across the volume's boundary.

If magnetic charges do not exist – or if they do exist but are not present in a region of space – then the new terms in Maxwell's equations are all zero, and the extended equations reduce to the conventional equations of electromagnetism such as ∇• B = 0 ( where ∇• is divergence and B is the magnetic B field ).

Until 1866 the policy of the United States was consistently for inter oceanic canals open equally to all nations, and unequivocally neutralized ; indeed, until 1880 there was practically no official divergence from this policy.

As a result, in all modern Tibetan dialects, in particular in the Standard Tibetan of Lhasa, there is a great divergence between spelling ( which reflects the 9th-century

for all natural numbers n. The double natural logarithm indicates that the divergence might be very slow, which is indeed the case, see Meissel – Mertens constant.

Sometimes only a single divergence date can be estimated from fossils, with all other dates inferred from that.

Owing to the enduring potential for confusion and misunderstanding because of the divergence of English usage from the original Latin meaning, Pope John XXIII ordered that the Latin adjective " perfidis " be dropped from the Good Friday Prayer for the Jews ; in 1960 he ordered it removed from all rituals for the reception of converts.

It is possibly ( though not certainly ) a little closer related to Cacatua than the Galah, and its lineage diverged around the time of or shortly after the acquisition of the long crest – probably the former as this crest type is not found in all Cacatua cockatoos and therefore must have been present in an early or incipient stage at the time of the divergence of the Major Mitchell's Cockatoo's ancestors.

This arrangement of membranes suggest that heterokont chloroplasts were obtained from the reduction of a symbiotic red algal eukaryote, which had arisen by evolutionary divergence from the monophyletic primary endosymbiotic ancestor that is thought to have given rise to all eukaryotic photoautotrophs.

As the variance, or genetic distance, increases, the two separated populations may become distinctively different, both genetically and phenotypically, although not only genetic drift but also natural selection, gene flow and mutation will all contribute to this divergence.

These changes did not affect all dialects equally, and led to greater divergence between the dialects than in Middle High German.

In vector calculus a solenoidal vector field ( also known as an incompressible vector field ) is a vector field v with divergence zero at all points in the field:

) and solving the flow equation for each element ( all material properties are assumed constant or possibly linearly variable within an element ), then linking together all the elements using conservation of mass across the boundaries between the elements ( similar to the divergence theorem ).

When the cool air approaches the ground, it spreads out in all directions and this divergence of the wind is the signature of the microburst.