In order for there to be a net flow of charge, the particles must also move together with an average drift rate.

This analogy is extremely simplistic and incomplete: The rapid propagation of a sound wave does not impart any change in the air molecules ' drift velocity, whereas EM waves do carry the energy to propagate the actual current at a rate which is much, much higher than the electrons ' drift velocity.

To illustrate the difference: The sound and the change in the air's drift velocity ( the force of the wind gust ) cross distance at rates equaling the speeds of sound and of mechanical transmission of force ( not higher than rate of drift velocity ); while a change in an EM field and the change in current ( electrons ' drift velocity ) both propagate across distance at rates much higher than the actual drift velocity.

The value attempts to balance the rate of gain in genetic variation due to mutation with the rate of loss due to genetic drift.

A very small mutation rate may lead to genetic drift ( which is non-ergodic in nature ).

The difference is caused by the precession of the equinoxes, and means that over long periods of time a calendar based on the sidereal year will drift out of sync with the seasons at the rate of about one day every 72 years.

:, the drift rate of, annualized.

Specifically, is the probability that the call will be exercised provided one assumes that the asset drift is the risk-free rate.

If it is worn constantly, keeping it near body heat, its rate of drift can be measured with the radio, and by compensating for this drift, a navigator can keep time to better than a second per month.

A prominent feature in the non-dipolar part of the secular variation is a westward drift at a rate of about 0. 2 degrees per year.

The player's control of the planet in the game is quite comprehensive ; display panels allow the player to regulate everything from atmospheric gases, with percentages to three decimal places, to the rate of continental drift, to the rate of reproduction and mutation of lifeforms.

According to the mathematics of drift, when comparing divergent populations, most of the single-nucleotide differences can be assumed to have accumulated at the same rate as individuals with mutations are born.

Population bottlenecks increase genetic drift, as the rate of drift is inversely proportional to the population size.

AIRS would have a drift rate of only 1. 5 x 10 < sup >- 5 </ sup > degrees per hour, allowing it to be referenced to an external point, like the silo wall, and then left for extended periods of time.

When there is no selection for loss of function, the speed at which loss evolves depends more on the mutation rate than it does on the effective population size, indicating that it is driven more by mutation bias than by genetic drift.

The relatively slow rate of scanning during AFM imaging often leads to thermal drift in the image making the AFM less suited for measuring accurate distances between topographical features on the image.

The ratio of the measured antenna temperature change during a drift scan across the moon to the average brightness temperature of the moon over the antenna beam ( assuming that the brightness temperature of the sky is negligible ) was found, by graphical integration of the antenna directivity diagram, to be 0.85.

When the system is on automatic leveling, the gyro drift is canceled by the output of the leveling system ( amplifier Af ).

A useful by-product of this system is that the information necessary to set the gyro drift biases is available from the currents necessary to hold the system in level.

The operator must continually supply the correct amount of turning current to the gyro torquers so that the effect of gyro drift is canceled.

Information is also available from this autocollimator system to set the drift bias for the Z-axis gyro.

If the Z gyro is drifting, a current generated by the autocollimator is delivered to the gyro torquer to cancel the drift.

If the drift error is systematic, it can be canceled with a bias circuit which can be arranged and adjusted to supply the required compensating current.

But because teeth sometimes may drift back to their original position, a retaining appliance is used to lock them in place.

Cattle were said to be `` potted '' when `` blizzard choked '', that is, caught in a corner or a draw, or against a `` drift fence '' durin' a storm.

As the chosen spot is approached, the vessel should be stopped or even beginning to drift back.

This is called the neutral hypothesis, or genetic drift.

Another likely explanation for the loss of its eyes is that of selective neutrality and genetic drift: in the dark environment of the cave, the eyes are neither advantageous nor disadvantageous and thus any genetic factors that might impair the eyes ( or their development ) can take hold with no consequence on the individual or species.

Population genetics is the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and gene flow.

With an annual drift of 11 or 12 days, the seasonal relation is repeated approximately each 33 Islamic years.

Continental drift is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other by appearing to drift across the ocean bed.

Geophysicist Jack Oliver is credited with providing seismologic evidence supporting plate tectonics which encompassed and superseded continental drift with “ Seismology and the New Global Tectonics ,” published in 1968, using data collected from seismologic stations, including those he set up in the South Pacific.

The moment contact is made, the free electrons of the conductor are forced to drift toward the positive terminal under the influence of this field.

Conduction in semiconductor devices may occur by a combination of drift and diffusion, which is proportional to diffusion constant and charge density.

: is the drift velocity, and

For example, in a copper wire of cross-section 0. 5 mm < sup > 2 </ sup >, carrying a current of 5 A, the drift velocity of the electrons is on the order of a millimetre per second.

This speed is usually a significant fraction of the speed of light, as can be deduced from Maxwell's Equations, and is therefore many times faster than the drift velocity of the electrons.

Using this method, scientists and farmers hope to keep the number of resistant genes very low, and use genetic drift to ensure any resistance that does emerge does not spread.

There are three main types of water masses in the Barents Sea: Warm, salty Atlantic water ( temperature > 3 ° C, salinity > 35 ) from the North Atlantic drift, cold Arctic water ( temperature < 0 ° C, salinity < 35 ) from the north, and warm, but not very salty coastal water ( temperature > 3 ° C, salinity < 34. 7 ).

Urbanization, urbanisation or urban drift is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities, particularly the very largest ones.

It was a very cold winter, and when he spotted some drift ice in the fjords he gave the island its current name, Ísland ( Iceland ).

Precision temperature control of laser transmitter is required in DWDM systems to prevent " drift " off a very narrow frequency window of the order of a few GHz.

Having perfectly regulated tape speed is important because the human ear is very sensitive to changes in pitch, particularly sudden ones, and without a self-regulating system to control the speed of tape across the head the pitch could drift several percent.

: It is a rule in formal ecclesiastical proceedings, as I shall have occasion to notice lower down, when books or authors are condemned, to use the very words of the book or author, and to condemn the words in that particular sense which they have in their context and their drift, not in the literal, not in the religious sense, such as the Pope might recognize, were they in another book or author.

A population may not be able to climb a very sharp peak if the mutation rate is too high, or it may drift away from a peak it had already found ; consequently, reducing the fitness of the system.

Additional characteristics include very low DC offset, low drift, low noise, very high open-loop gain, very high common-mode rejection ratio, and very high input impedances.

Compared to semiconductors, tubes have a very low " drift " ( of specs ) over a wide range of operating conditions, specifically high heat / high power.

In addition to founder effects, the new population is often a very small population and so shows increased sensitivity to genetic drift, an increase in inbreeding, and relatively low genetic variation.

Occasionally cold high pressure cells from North America drift south across the Gulf of Mexico and drive strong Tehuano winds across the Isthmus, with very strong wind concentration taking place in Chivela Pass in Oaxaca.

Due to the seas very much ' surrounding ' the land the area sees a significant effect of the North Atlantic drift, which ensures that the land is cooled in the summer and warmed in the winter, producing a stabilising effect on the temperatures.

Due to continental drift, the area that is now northeast Alabama was located very close to the Equator at the time this limestone was forming.

The LM-105 bullet exhibited its very low wind drift susceptibility notably at ranges beyond 800 m ( 875 yd ).

Diamond detectors have many similarities with silicon detectors, but are expected to offer significant advantages, in particular a high radiation hardness and very low drift currents.

This presumably glacial " drift " is very thick, and in most regions completely obscure the volcanism.

Geologists have shown that a very long time ago the Waikato river came through the Hinurea valley and filled the Hauraki Basin with pumice, mud, drift wood and gravel to a depth of over 1200 ft. You can still see evidence of sea beaches between Shelly Beach and Maukoro.

Tafheet ( تفحيط ), or Hajwalah ( هجولة ) and Farfarah ( فرفرة ) popularly known elsewhere in the world as Arab, Saudi or Middle East drifting, is a criminal motorsport phenomenon that involves trying to drift a car – often a high performance car or a full-size sedan – at very high speeds around 180-240km / h ( 110-149 mph ) across a tarmac left and right.

There are very few natural lakes in the region, these being found in adjoining areas of glacial till, drift and in moraines ; the region is extraordinarily well drained, and there is rarely a place where even a pond can naturally form.