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Page "Buddhism in Japan" ¶ 113
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early and Heian
By the early Heian period, the shōen had obtained legal status, and the large religious establishments sought clear titles in perpetuity, waiver of taxes, and immunity from government inspection of the shōen they held.
Three late tenth century and early eleventh century women presented their views of life and romance at the Heian court in Kagerō Nikki (" The Gossamer Years ") by " the mother of Michitsuna ", Makura no Sōshi ( The Pillow Book ) by Sei Shōnagon, and Genji Monogatari ( Tale of Genji ) by Murasaki Shikibu ( herself a Fujiwara ).
In the Heian period ( 8th to 11th centuries ) sword-making developed through techniques brought over from China through trade in the early 10th century.
Shogi in its present form was played as early as the 16th century, while a direct ancestor without the " drop rule " was recorded from 1210 in a historical document Nichūreki, which is an edited copy of Shōchūreki and Kaichūreki from the late Heian period ( c. 1120 ).
Originally, the title of Sei-i Taishōgun ( Commander-in-Chief of the Expeditionary Force Against the Barbarians ) was given to military commanders during the early Heian Period for the duration of military campaigns against the Emishi who resisted the governance of the Imperial court based in Kyoto.
During the Nara period and the early Heian period, the court favored Chinese-style poetry ( kanshi ) and the waka art form largely fell out of official favor.
The shinobi proper, a specially trained group of spies and mercenaries, appeared in the Sengoku or " warring states " period, in the 15th century, but antecedents may have existed in the 14th century, and possibly even in the 12th century ( Heian or early Kamakura era ).
* Ki no Tomonori, early Heian waka poet
The Tale of Genji ( early 11th century ) by Murasaki Shikibu is considered the pre-eminent masterpiece of Heian fiction and an early example of a work of fiction in the form of a novel.
is a classic work of Japanese literature written by the Japanese noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu in the early years of the 11th century, around the peak of the Heian period.
The early Heian period ( 784 967 ) continued Nara culture ; the Heian capital was patterned on the Chinese Tang capital at Chang ' an, as was Nara, but on a larger scale than Nara.
Despite the decline of the Taika-Taihō reforms, imperial government was vigorous during the early Heian period.
By the early Heian period, the shōen had obtained legal status, and the large religious establishments sought clear titles in perpetuity, waiver of taxes, and immunity from government inspection of the shōen they held.
Three late tenth century and early eleventh century women presented their views of life and romance at the Heian court in Kagerō Nikki by " the mother of Fujiwara Michitsuna ", Makura no sōshi by Sei Shōnagon and Genji Monogatari by Murasaki Shikibu.
Whereas the first phase of shōen development in the early Heian period had seen the opening of new lands and the granting of the use of lands to aristocrats and religious institutions, the second phase saw the growth of patrimonial " house governments ," as in the old clan system.
was a general and shogun of the early Heian Period of Japan.
Genji Monogatari ( early 11th century ) by a woman named Murasaki Shikibu is considered the pre-eminent masterpiece of Heian fiction and an early example of a work of fiction in the form of a novel.
In the early Heian Period, Saichō was born in the north of Otsu and founded Enryaku-ji, the center of Tendai and one a UNESCO World Heritage Site and monument of Ancient Kyoto now.
Among his sons, Makoto, Tokiwa, and Tōru became sadaijin ; they were among the most powerful in the Imperial Court in the early Heian period.
Sanetomo was a talented poet, writing over 700 poems between the ages of 17 and 22 while being tutored by Fujiwara no Teika, even having one of his tanka included in the anthology Ogura Hyakunin Isshu ( 100 Poems by 100 Poets ), a noted collection of Japanese poems of the Heian and early Kamakura periods.
Some Emishi tribes resisted the rule of the Japanese Emperors during the late Nara and early Heian periods ( 7th 10th centuries CE ).
was a general of the Minamoto clan of Japan in the late Heian and early Kamakura period.

early and period
But the attempt itself produced a number of brilliant works, and these form a transition from the early romantic period to the new age of Ibsen and Chekhov.
On the other hand, the bright vision of the future has been directly stated in science fiction concerned with projecting ideal societies -- science fiction, of course, is related, if sometimes distantly, to that utopian literature optimistic about science, literature whose period of greatest vigor in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries produced Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and H. G. Wells's A Modern Utopia.
Andre Malraux's The Walnut Trees Of Altenburg was written in the early years of the second World War, during a period of enforced leisure when he was taken prisoner by the Germans after the fall of France.
Eight years ago while we were going through the mud-sweat-and-tears construction period, we were each solaced by the vision of early morning dips and evening home-comings to a cool family collected around the pool with a buffet table laid out nearby for the lord and master's delectation.
For critics, Hardy has had no poetic periods -- one does not speak of early Hardy or late Hardy, or of the London or Max Gate period, but simply of Hardy, as of a poetic monolith.
Very early in his administration he informed the Kremlin through diplomatic channels, a high official source disclosed, that the new administration would react even tougher than the Eisenhower administration would during the formative period of the administration.
The two top talents of the time, Mickey Mantle and Willie Mays, have hit the ball harder and more successfully so far this early season than at any period in careers which, to be frank about it, never have quite reached expectations.
There was a tradition that the Delphic oracle was consulted as early as the period of the kings of Rome during the reign of Tarquinius Superbus.
The evolution of the Greek sculpture can be observed in his depictions from the almost static formal Kouros type in early archaic period, to the representation of motion in a relative harmonious whole in late archaic period.
In the first large-scale depictions during the early archaic period ( 640 580 BC ), the artists tried to draw one's attention to look into the interior of the face and the body which were not represented as lifeless masses, but as being full of life.
At the end of the Devonian period (), the seas, rivers and lakes were teeming with life but the land was the realm of early plants and devoid of vertebrates though some, such as Ichthyostega, may have sometimes hauled themselves out of the water.
The order is thought to have first diverged from other related monocots some 120-130 million years ago ( early in the Cretaceous period ), although given the difficulty in classifying the families involved, estimates are likely to be uncertain.
The most important text for the study of early Korean is the Hyangga, a collection of 25 poems, of which some go back to the Three Kingdoms period ( 57 668 AD ), but are preserved in an orthography that only goes back to the 9th century AD ( Miller 1996: 60 ).
By contrast, the cursive developed out of the Nabataean alphabet in the same period soon became the standard for writing Arabic, evolving into the Arabic alphabet as it stood by the time of the early spread of Islam.
During this period winter sports were slowly introduced: in 1882 the first figure skating championship was held in St. Moritz, and downhill skiing became a trendy sport with English visitors early in the 20th century, as the first ski-lift was installed in 1908 above Grindelwald.
Light's survey was completed in this period, and land was promptly offered for sale to early colonists.
The works of Petrarch first displayed the new interest in the intellectual values of the Classical world in the early 14th century and the romance of this era as rediscovered in the Renaissance period can be seen expressed by Boccaccio.
In American history important spokesmen included Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur ( 1735 1813 ), and John Taylor of Caroline ( 1753 1824 ) in the early national period.
No larger settlements, however, have been found to have existed in this remote rural area, located at least 15 km from the nearest road even in Roman times, up to the early medieval period when the place is mentioned as a king's mansion for the first time, not long before Charlemagne became ruler of the Germanic Franks.
In the high Middle Ages — and well into the early modern period — few intellectuals, if any, questioned the basic assumptions of astrology: humans live within a web of celestial influences that affect our bodies, and thereby motivate us to behave in certain ways.
The death of Alexander and the subsequent period of instability in Scotland was lamented in an early Scots poem recorded by Andrew of Wyntoun in his Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland.
The earliest remains hitherto found on the site are tombs of the early Iron Age period of Graeco-Phoenician influences ( 1000-600 B. C .).
* Borschberg, Peter, " O comércio de âmbar asiático no início da época moderna ( séculos XV-XVIII ) The Asiatic ambergris trade in the early modern period ( 15 to 18 century )" Oriente, Lisbon: Fundação Oriente, vol.
Only then in fact was payment for assembly attendance, the central event of democracy ( Similarly for the period before the Persian wars, but for the very early democracy the sources are very meagre and it can be thought of as being in an embryonic state ).

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