Anthropology has been used in Britain to provide an alternative explanation for the Financial crisis of 2007 – 2010 to the technical explanations rooted in economic and political theory.

He also developed, during the Great Depression, the populist economic theory of " Direct Credits ", according to which banks are the cause of all economic woe, the oppressors of both capital and labour.

This has largely replaced adaptive expectations in macroeconomic theory since its assumption of optimality of expectations is consistent with economic theory.

A conspiracy theory explains an event as being the result of an alleged plot by a covert group or organization or, more broadly, the idea that important political, social or economic events are the products of secret plots that are largely unknown to the general public.

Although the perception by the public may be that the " central bank " controls some or all interest rates and currency rates, economic theory ( and substantial empirical evidence ) shows that it is impossible to do both at once in an open economy.

Most proxies for " grievance "-the theory that civil wars begin because of issues of identity, rather than economics-were statistically insignificant, including economic equality, political rights, ethnic polarization and religious fractionalization.

From the beginning of Communist rule in 1949, until the 1980s, when China was in the early years of economic reform, the focus was largely on peasant life, as interpreted via the officially sanctioned Marxist theory of class struggle.

Specifically, neocolonialism refers to the theory that former or existing economic relationships, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Central American Free Trade Agreement, created by former colonial powers were or are used to maintain control of their former colonies and dependencies after the colonial independence movements of the post – World War II period.

In recent years dependency theory has been used to examine the situation of the Maritimes, and while it rejects most traditional economic models it does correspond with the evidence.

* Mutualism ( economic theory )

Other broad distinctions include those between positive economics ( describing " what is ") and normative economics ( advocating " what ought to be "); between economic theory and applied economics ; between rational and behavioral economics ; and between mainstream economics ( more " orthodox " and dealing with the " rationality-individualism-equilibrium nexus ") and heterodox economics ( more " radical " and dealing with the " institutions-history-social structure nexus ").

From the 1960s, however, such comments abated as the economic theory of maximizing behavior and rational-choice modeling expanded the domain of the subject to areas previously treated in other fields.

Philosophers identify independent, logical reasoning as a precondition to most western science, engineering, economic and political theory.

" More precisely, it is " the quantitative analysis of actual economic phenomena based on the concurrent development of theory and observation, related by appropriate methods of inference.

Econometrics add empirical content to economic theory allowing theories to be tested and used for forecasting and policy evaluation.

Monetary policy of the Federal Reserve System is based partially on the theory that it is best overall to expand or contract the money supply as economic conditions change.

* Growth Fetish, the pursuit of economic growth in politics and economic theory as a universal cure for all society's problems

In the interpretation of the currently dominant view of classical economic theory developed by neoclassical economists, the term " factors " did not exist until after the classical period and is not to be found in any of the literature of that time.

But this debate is more about basic economic theory ( the role of the factors in the economy ) than it is about the definition of the factors of production.

Human capital is important in modern economic theory.

According to economic theory, a " factor of production " is used to create value and allow economic performance.

In any case, anyone who fails to make significant distinction between primary and secondary applications of economic pressure would in principle already have justified that use of economic boycott as a means which broke out a few years ago or was skillfully organized by White Citizens' Councils in the entire state of Mississippi against every local Philco dealer in that state, in protest against a Philco-sponsored program over a national TV network on which was presented a drama showing, it seemed, a `` high yellow gal '' smooching with a white man.

Intangible factors of production are subject to network effects and the contrary economic laws such as the law of increasing returns.

This network was not designed, but emerged as a result of decentralized individual economic decisions.

This network would have enabled easy access by road to the neighbouring countries of Brazil, Venezuela and Surinam ; reduced the costs of utilising the country's timber and natural resources, thus making them more competitive in international markets ; diversified agricultural development by making more easily available suitable areas in the hinterland, particularly in the Intermediate and Rupununi savannahs ; relieved the over-crowded coastland of a significant proportion of its population, thus improving the quality of life of the inhabitants of both the coastal and interior areas ; and made more feasible the equitable distribution of economic activity, not only in the agricultural but also in the manufacturing and small-industries sector.

However, in late 2010 the government announced an economic relief package and following the 2011 Jordanian protests it was decided to reduce the expected three year capital investment plan in the national railway network by 72 percent, partly to fund the relief package.

Rod Beckstrom presented a mathematical model for describing networks that are in a state of positive network effect at BlackHat and Defcon in 2009 and also presented the " inverse network effect " with an economic model for defining it as well.

Additionally, there are two sources of economic value that are relevant when analyzing products that display network effects:

Organised crime groups operate as smaller units within the overall network, and as such tend towards valuing significant others, familiarity of social and economic environments, or tradition.

Growth in telecommunications halted with the general economic collapse after the Great Leap Forward ( 1958 – 60 ) but revived in the 1960s after the telephone network was expanded and improved equipment was introduced, including imports of Western plants and equipment.

Although the economic impact was small, the psychological impact on slaveholders of an informal network to assist escaped slaves was immense.

His administration is marked by economic development but also by numerous human rights violations ( La Cantuta massacre, Barrios Altos massacre ), and a rampant corruption network set up by Vladimiro Montesinos.

Engineers design transmission networks to transport the energy as efficiently as feasible, while at the same time taking into account economic factors, network safety and redundancy.

The network transmitted data from factories to the government in Santiago, allowing for economic planning in real-time.

A stock market or equity market is a public entity ( a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete entity ) for the trading of company stock ( shares ) and derivatives at an agreed price ; these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately.

* Transition Towns, a grassroots network of communities that are working to build resilience in response to peak oil, climate destruction, and economic instability

The city is situated in a valley at the foot of the Erzgebirge mountains and is also part of the so-called Saxon triangle metropolitan area, an economic network which includes Leipzig-Halle, Dresden.

In the second half of the 19th century, Lodi begun to expand outside the city walls, boosted by economic expansion and the construction of a network of railway lines that followed the reunification of Italy.

The time savings alone from switching from a conventional to a high-speed network have been estimated at 400 million hours, an economic impact of per year.

Improvements in the regional transportation network and the economic growth of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg area, and Mount Holly's strategic location between Charlotte and Gastonia, have created conditions for an expanding population in recent years.

Part of the controversy is about the benefits that the airport generates, which are used in maintenance and investments in other airports in the network of AENA and government investments in other economic areas.

Wommelgem is one of 25 municipalities within the Albert Canal economic network ( Economisch Netwerk Albertkanaal ).

The primary goals of a community network may include providing a sustainable, trusted platform for an urban neighborhood, suburban village or exurban town or region to enhance a vital community and functioning democracy ; closing of the digital divide across socio-economic lines ; offering easier access to already existing information and services ; promotion of local economic development and employment ; strengthening of local identity ; and / or revitalization, promotion, and / or maintenance of local communal ties.