The principal defender of this view of primary experience as `` causal efficacy '' is Alfred North Whitehead.

he is questioning, also, every epistemology which stems from Hume's presupposition that experience is merely sense data in abstraction from causal efficacy, and that causal efficacy is something intellectually imputed to the world, not directly perceived.

What Hume calls `` sensation '' is what Whitehead calls `` perception in the mode of presentational immediacy '' which is a sophisticated abstraction from perception in the mode of causal efficacy.

A chief characteristic of experience in the mode of causal efficacy is one of derivation from the past.

Systematic reviews of the field have found that the number of ATC are growing rapidly, but have focused on memory and planning, that there is emerging evidence for efficacy, that a lot of scope exists to develop new ATC.

To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.

Many drugs produce an antidepressant effect, but restrictions on their use have caused controversy and off-label prescription is a risk, despite claims of superior efficacy.

Inert placebos can have significant antidepressant effects, and so to establish a substance as an " antidepressant " in a clinical trial it is necessary to show superior efficacy to placebo.

There is some evidence to suggest that mirtazapine and venlafaxine may have greater efficacy than other antidepressants in the treatment of severe depression.

Due to deficits with existing anxiolytics ( either in terms of efficacy or side-effect profile ), research into novel anxiolytics is active.

The development of new antipsychotics with fewer of these adverse effects and with greater relative effectiveness as compared to existing antipsychotics ( efficacy ), is an ongoing field of research.

The lower output in visible light is due to a lower efficacy as the star has a lower surface temperature than the Sun.

The U. S. Department of Defense investigation contract, which is ongoing, will also evaluate the effectiveness of copper alloy touch surfaces to prevent the transfer of microbes to patients and the transfer of microbes from patients to touch surfaces, as well as the potential efficacy of copper-alloy based components to improve indoor air quality.

BCG is very efficacious against tuberculous meningitis in the pediatric age group, but its efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis appears to be variable.

The most controversial aspect of BCG is the variable efficacy found in different clinical trials that appears to depend on geography.

BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary TB or TB meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible.

The peak of tuberculosis incidence is in adolescence and early adulthood, and the MRC trial showed efficacy lasted only 15 years at most.

Psychotherapy is aimed at alleviating core symptoms, recognizing episode triggers, reducing negative expressed emotion in relationships, recognizing prodromal symptoms before full-blown recurrence, and, practicing the factors that lead to maintenance of remission Cognitive behavioural therapy, family-focused therapy, and psychoeducation have the most evidence for efficacy in regard to relapse prevention, while interpersonal and social rhythm therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy appear the most effective in regard to residual depressive symptoms.

The efficacy of the DBS in localization-related epilepsies is currently under investigation.

Pleconaril is not currently available for treatment of Human rhinoviral infections, as its efficacy in treating these infections is under further evaluation.

Since then, over 500 studies have been done on prejudice reduction under variations of the contact hypothesis, and a meta-analytic review suggests overall support for its efficacy.

These rules allow claims of efficacy for these conditions to be made on the packaging in the absence of similar evidence to that required for conventional medicines under the Medicines Act 1968 and 1971.

90 ) Koprowski and his group also published a series of detailed reports on the vaccination of 76, 000 children under the age of 5 ( and European adults ) in the area of Leopoldville ( now Kinshasa ) in Belgian Congo from 1958 – 1960 ; these reports begin with an overview, next a review of safety and efficacy, then a 21-month follow-up and final report.

Secondary attack rates are useful for comparisons between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups and hence assessing the efficacy of vaccinations against the disease under inspection.

The use of psychiatric drugs to treat victims of CSR has also come under fire, as some military psychiatrists have come to question the efficacy of such drugs on the long term health of veterans.

The data is used to evaluate patient outcome, quality of life, provide follow-up information, calculate survival rates, analyze referral pattern, allocate resources at regional or state level, report cancer incidence as required under state law, and evaluate efficacy of treatment modalities.

As an EIS Fellow he worked under Dr. James Watt ( soon to be named Director of the new National Heart Institute ) ( NIH ), studying how fly eradication dampened outbreaks of childhood diarrheal diseases and about DDT's efficacy in combating typhus.

Regulation is aimed at ensuring the safety, quality, and efficacy of the therapeutic goods which are covered under the scope of the regulation.

Phase II and Phase III clinical studies are under way to confirm the efficacy of these breath tests.

We purpose to train ourselves as an efficient Unit to undertake ambulance and relief work in areas under both civilian and military control, and so, by working as a pacifist and civilian body where the need is greatest, to demonstrate the efficacy of co-operating to build up a new world rather than fighting to destroy the old.

Abbott Laboratories announced on October 8, 2010 that it is withdrawing sibutramine from the US market under pressure from the FDA, citing concerns over minimal efficacy coupled with increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events.

Questions under investigation involve studying the influence of psychopathology of the parent or child on the other member of the dyad ; child attachment ; parental attunement ; the relationship between defense mechanisms, internal representations, and aggression ; parenting styles ; the efficacy of the PCIA-II / MAP intervention ; and cross cultural comparisons between samples collected in Hong Kong and the United States.

Both he and Stephen Wise, working closely together, had been exponents of the ' democratization of Jewish life ', that is, " an informed and assertive public ," but under the stress of wartime conditions, and on the eve of the 1940 American presidential elections, they came to doubt the efficacy of public pressure, preferring a quiet diplomacy behind the scenes as the more effective means of pursuing viable goals.

This is because the ECJ's rulings in C-195 / 09 and C-427 / 09 were based in part upon a desire to ensure that national patent offices are not required to assess whether an earlier MA was compliant with the standards for testing of safety and efficacy that were introduced in the 1970s ( meaning that all prior MAs, whether or not compliant with those standards, should be treated equally under the SPC legislation ).

In that case, the ECJ ruled that the decisive date for SPC purposes is the date of an authorisation from a regulatory body tasked with assessing safety and efficacy, and not the date of a subsequent authorisation that may be required under national pricing or reimbursement provisions.

The efficacy of a DAPT may also be challenged under the Supremacy clause of the U. S. Constitution, under the applicable fraudulent transfer statute, or because the settlor retained some prohibited control over the trust.

As the main goal of counseling is to alleviate the distress, anxiety or concerns experienced by a client when he or she enters therapy, online counseling has strong efficacy under that definition.

A recurring problem is that efficacy falls sharply with rising current.

Nichia Corporation has developed a white LED with luminous efficacy of 150 lm / W at a forward current of 20 mA.

In January 2007 an advisory panel of the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) did not recommend clearance for marketing of an rTMS device, stating that the device appeared to be reasonably safe but had failed to demonstrate efficacy in a study of people with major depression who had not benefitted from prior adequate treatment with oral antidepressants during their current major depressive episode.

Nonrandomized, uncontrolled pilot clinical trials are current ongoing in subject with insulin-requiring diabetes to test the efficacy of encapsulation techniques to protect xenogeneic islets in the absence of chronic anti-rejection drugs.

Coassembly of CNGA3 and CNGB3 produces channels with altered membrane expression, ion permeability ( Na < sup >+</ sup > vs. K < sup >+</ sup > and Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup >), relative efficacy of cAMP / cGMP activation, decreased outward rectification, current flickering, and sensitivity to block by L-cis-diltiazem.

There are also studies which include reports of psilocybin mushrooms sending both obsessive-compulsive disorders (" OCD ") and OCD-related clinical depression ( both being widespread and debilitating mental health conditions ) into complete remission immediately and for up to months at a time, compared to current medications which often have both limited efficacy and frequent undesirable side-effects.

However, given its modest efficacy, there is no current medical recommendation to use calcium for cancer reduction.

This is especially relevant given that opportunistic Candida ( fungus ) infections can cause severe systemic infections in immunocompromised patients and current treatments are highly toxic, often result in drug-resistant Candida strains, and have low efficacy.

Praziquantel as a single dose ( 25 mg / kg ) is the current treatment of choice for hymenolepiasis and has an efficacy of 96 %.

For the data between 1971 and 2004, the measure of antigenic distance correlated better with efficacy in humans of the H3N2 influenza A annual vaccine than did current measures of antigenic distance such as phylogenetic sequence analysis or ferret antisera inhibition assays.

The Vice-Chancellor tends at present to be a former or current academic though there is some debate about the efficacy of appointing staff to the role who have developed a career as a professional higher education administrator.

Recent reports have included issues such as lie detection, the efficacy of preschool education, the current status and future prospects of clinical psychology, giftedness and gifted education, mentoring, psychopathy, and organizational training and development.

A 2005 review of flu treatments ( vaccine, medicine, homeopathy ) has concluded that the popularity of Oscillococcinum in France was unsupported by the current evidence as to its efficacy.

However, this might necessitate patent offices making a determination of whether prior MAs are compliant with current standards ( i. e. whether the " product " had been subject to safety and efficacy testing prior to being granted an MA ).

* Management of endemic diseases: This program evaluates both the current and advanced therapeutic measures and assess their efficacy and side effects.