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Page "Amphibian" ¶ 74
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eggs and amphibians
Most amphibians lay their eggs in water and have aquatic larvae that undergo metamorphosis to become terrestrial adults.
For the purpose of reproduction most amphibians require fresh water although some lay their eggs on land and have developed various ingenious ways of keeping them moist.
Many caecilians and some other amphibians lay their eggs on land, and the newly hatched larvae wriggle or are transported to water bodies.
The care of offspring among amphibians has been little studied but in general, the larger the number of eggs in a batch, the less likely it is that any degree of parental care takes place.
A number of causes are believed to be involved, including habitat destruction and modification, over-exploitation, pollution, introduced species, climate change, endocrine-disrupting pollutants, destruction of the ozone layer ( ultraviolet radiation has shown to be especially damaging to the skin, eyes, and eggs of amphibians ), and diseases like chytridiomycosis.
The diet of foxes is largely made up of invertebrates and small mammals, reptiles ( such as snakes ), amphibians, scorpions, grasses, berries, fruit, fish, birds, eggs, dung beetles, insects and all other kinds of small animals.
However, many species produce a far greater number of eggs during their lifetime than do humans, so that, in fish and amphibians, there may be hundreds, or even millions of fertile eggs present in the ovary at any given time.
Many amphibian species depend upon vernal pools for spring breeding ; these ponds provide habitat that is free from fish which eat eggs and young of amphibians.
This species feeds on fish, mice, water snakes, eggs, crustaceans, insects and amphibians.
The food taken by gulls includes fish and marine and freshwater invertebrates, both alive and already dead, terrestrial arthropods and invertebrates such as insects and earthworms, rodents, eggs, carrion, offal, reptiles, amphibians, plant items such as seeds and fruit, human refuse, and even other birds.
Although some modern amphibians lay eggs on land, with or without significant protection, they all lack advanced traits like an amnion.
They have been known to consume a variety of animals including rodents, eggs, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates.
It largely feeds on insects taken in flight, and also often hunts over wet fields and even in brushy areas, to take amphibians and small mammals, as well as small birds and the chicks and eggs of other terns.
Like many other organisms, increasing ultraviolet-B ( UVB ) radiation due to stratospheric ozone depletion and other factors may harm the DNA of amphibians, particularly their eggs.
These birds are omnivorous taking plant material, small rodents, amphibians and eggs.
Occasionally, it may eat small birds, bird eggs, reptiles, amphibians, fish, earthworms and some insects.
Their diet consists of almost any creature that they are capable of overpowering: slugs, earthworms, leeches, lizards, amphibians, ants, frog eggs, toads, and rodents.
However, they are omnivorous in all seasons and their diet includes a wide variety of plant and animal matter, including invertebrates, small amphibians and reptiles, and birds ' eggs and nestlings ( McCormack and Brown 2008 ).
It numbers more than 100, 000 research specimens and other artifacts, including over 10, 000 identified and pinned entomology specimens, over 5, 000 specimens in the malacology ( shell ) collection, more than 2, 000 bird and mammal study skins and mounts, several thousand bird eggs, more than 3, 180 herbarium sheets, over 2, 330 freeze-dried exhibit specimens, as well as collections of reptiles and amphibians, fishes, terrestrial and marine invertebrates, and fungi.
Eastern newts eat a variety of foods such as insects, small molluscs and crustaceans, young amphibians, and frog eggs.
Omnivorous, wood frog tadpoles feed on plant detritus, algae and also attack and eat eggs and larvae of amphibians, including those of wood frogs.
It feeds on small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, birds eggs and some vegetable matter.
Water-dwelling animals, such as fish and amphibians, lay their eggs before fertilization, and the male lays its sperm on top of the newly laid eggs in a process called external fertilization.

eggs and are
Simultaneously, males or drones are produced, mostly from the unfertilized eggs of workers, although a few may be produced by the queen.
Reptiles, birds and mammals are amniotes, the eggs of which are either laid or carried by the female and are surrounded by several membranes, some of which are impervious.
In salamandrids, the male deposits a bundle of sperm, the spermatophore, and the female picks it up and inserts it into her cloaca where the sperm is stored until the eggs are laid.
Despite this, the eggs are laid singly, a behaviour not conducive for external fertilisation.
The females arrive sporadically, mate selection takes place and eggs are laid.
In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle.
This also happens in salamander eggs even when they are unfertilised.
These penetrate the jelly envelope after the eggs are laid and may increase the supply of oxygen to the embryo through photosynthesis.
In terrestrial caecilians, the eggs are laid in grape-like clusters in burrows near streams.
First a raft is built first, then eggs are laid in the centre, and then a foam cap is placed.
The eggs are retained in or on the parent's body but the larvae subsist on the yolks of their eggs and receive no nourishment from the adult.
Lungless salamanders in the family Plethodontidae are terrestrial and lay a small number of unpigmented eggs in a cluster among damp leaf litter.
Its eggs are laid on the forest floor and when they hatch, the tadpoles are carried one by one on the back of an adult to a suitable water-filled crevice such as the axil of a leaf or the rosette of a bromeliad.
The female visits the nursery sites regularly and deposits unfertilised eggs in the water which are consumed by the tadpoles.
They are also known to feed on other insects, larvae, and eggs, and occasionally small mammals and birds.
The abalone shell has a series of holes near the anterior margin, that are respiratory apertures for the venting of water from the gills and for releasing sperm and eggs into the water column at the appropriate time.

eggs and typically
They are commonly portrayed as serpentine or reptilian, hatching from eggs and possessing typically scaly or feathered bodies.
The pair took turns incubating the egg in an upright position for the 39 to 44 days before the egg hatched, typically in June, although eggs could be present at the colonies as late as August.
Eggers only collected eggs without embryos growing inside of them and typically discarded the eggs with embryos.
Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or otherwise inaccessible places.
The eggs of tettigoniids are typically oval shaped and laid in rows on the host plant.
After they lay their eggs, females will typically incubate them until they hatch.
Honeybees are said to be polyandrous because a queen typically mates with multiple males, even though mating is the only interaction that they have ( the males die off, while the queen uses stored sperm for eggs she fertilizes ).
They typically included non-instant powdered milk which is reported to have a higher concentration of calcium than other forms of powdered milk, eggs, wheat germ, peanut butter, banana, brewers yeast for its B vitamins, and Inositol and Lecithin supplements.
Chicken egg ( biology ) | eggs vary in color depending on the hen, typically ranging from bright white to shades of brown and even blue, green, and recently reported purple ( found in South Asia ) ( Araucana varieties ).
Frogs typically lay their eggs in water.
Many Christians of the Eastern Orthodox Church to this day typically dye their Easter eggs red, the color of blood, in recognition of the blood of the sacrificed Christ ( and, of the renewal of life in springtime ).
Modern cake, especially layer cakes, normally contain a combination of flour, sugar, eggs, and butter or oil, with some varieties also requiring liquid ( typically milk or water ) and leavening agents ( such as yeast or baking powder ).
Echinococcus adult worms develop from protoscolices and are typically 6mm or less in length and have a scolex, neck and typically three proglottids, one of which is immature, another of which is mature and the third of which is gravid ( or containing eggs ).
Regardless of the depth where eggs and larvae reside, they are typically pelagic.
Males are much smaller in size than the females, and they typically possess a specialized abdominal appendage which is used in mating to grasp a female from behind, pry open her carapace, insert a spermatheca, and thus fertilize the eggs.
Chocolate chip cookies are commonly made with white sugar ; brown sugar ; flour ; a small portion of salt ; eggs ; a leavening agent such as baking powder ; a fat, typically butter or shortening ; vanilla extract ; and semi-sweet chocolate pieces.
Two eggs are laid, these are incubated for 32 to 34 days by the parents taking turns ( shifts typically last for 12 days ).
The male parent guards the eggs until they hatch about 6 to 10 days later, typically 2 hours after dusk.
In Portugal, it is called fatias douradas, rabanadas or fatias de parida, and is typically made during Christmas, from slices of bread leftovers ( when it is too hard to be eaten normally ) soaked in milk or water to soften it, dipped in beaten eggs, fried in the least amount of vegetable oil possible ( to prevent it from soaking up and becoming too greasy ) and then sprinkled with sugar and cinnamon, soaked in a syrup made with water, sugar, cinnamon sticks and lemon skin or in Port or Madeira wine.
She lays four or five bright glossy blue eggs which are lightly spotted with black or purple ; they are typically 2. 7 x 2. 0 centimetres ( 0. 79 x 1. 06 in ) in size and weigh 6. 0 grammes ( 0. 21 oz ), of which 6 % is shell.
The eggs are typically 2. 6 x 1. 9 centimetres in size and weigh 4. 6 grammes, of which 5 % is shell, and hatch after 12 – 13 days.
The Common Kingfisher typically lays five to seven ( range two to ten ) glossy white eggs, which average in breadth, in length, and weigh about, of which 5 % is shell.

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