Wilhelm Wien found that strong electric or magnetic fields deflected the canal rays and, in 1899, constructed a device with parallel electric and magnetic fields that separated the positive rays according to their charge-to-mass ratio ( Q / m ).

Mass spectrometry measures mass-to-charge ratio of molecules using electric and magnetic fields.

Through coupling of this magnification method with time of flight mass spectrometry, ions evaporated by application of electric pulses can have their mass-to-charge ratio computed.

The two types of fields in EMR waves are always in phase with each other, and no matter how powerful, have a ratio of electric to magnetic intensity which is fixed and never varies.

EMR has both electric and magnetic field components, which stand in a fixed ratio of intensity to each other, and which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy and wave propagation.

This close relationship causes the electric and magnetic fields in EMR to stand in a fixed ratio of strengths to each other, and to be found in phase, with maxima and nodes in each found at the same places in space.

The electric and magnetic parts of the field stand in a fixed ratio of strengths in order to satisfy the two Maxwell equations that specify how one is produced from the other.

In this treatment, the coefficient r is the ratio of the reflected wave's complex electric field amplitude to that of the incident wave.

The coefficient t is the ratio of the transmitted wave's electric field amplitude to that of the incident wave.

By placing the molecules in wells in the gel and applying an electric field, the molecules will move through the matrix at different rates, determined largely by their mass when the charge to mass ratio ( Z ) of all species is uniform, toward the ( negatively charged ) cathode if positively charged or toward the ( positively charged ) anode if negatively charged.

The Hall coefficient is defined as the ratio of the induced electric field to the product of the current density and the applied magnetic field.

** Ionic potential, the ratio of electric charge to the radius of an ion

Fission based thermal rocket concepts produce lower exhaust velocities than the electric and plasma concepts described below, and are less suitable except for applications requiring high thrust-to-weight ratio, as in planetary escape.

With diesel-electric and electric locomotives, the gear ratio between the traction motors and axles is what adapts the unit to freight or passenger service, although a passenger unit may include other features, such as head end power ( also referred to as hotel power or electric train supply ) or a steam generator.

These numerical co-incidences refer to such quantities as the ratio of the age of the universe to the atomic unit of time, the number of electrons in the universe, and the difference in strengths between gravity and the electric force for the electron and proton.

Although the specific impulse of an electric thruster itself optionally could range up to where mass drivers merge into particle accelerators with fractional-lightspeed exhaust velocity for tiny particles, trying to use extreme exhaust velocity to accelerate a far slower spacecraft could be suboptimally low thrust when the energy available from a spacecraft's reactor or power source is limited ( a lesser analogue of feeding onboard power to a row of spotlights, photons being an example of an extremely low momentum to energy ratio ).

In particular, at a discontinuity in a transmission line, it is the complex ratio of the electric field strength of the reflected wave () to that of the incident wave ().

The SWR can also be defined as the ratio of the maximum amplitude of the electric field strength to its minimum amplitude,.

Impedance matching is important when components of an electric circuit are connected ( waveguide to antenna for example ): The impedance ratio determines how much of the wave is transmitted forward and how much is reflected.

The wave impedance of an electromagnetic wave is the ratio of the transverse components of the electric and magnetic fields ( the transverse components being those at right angles to the direction of propagation ).

Such a medium can have a higher ratio of electric flux to charge ( permittivity ) than empty space

The vacuum permittivity ε < sub > 0 </ sub > ( also called permittivity of free space or the electric constant ) is the ratio D / E in free space.

This generalized electric potential cannot be simply interpreted as the ratio of potential energy to charge, however.

The electrical resistivity ρ is defined as the ratio of the electric field to the density of the current it creates:

Illustration of electric charge as well as general size of particle s ( left ) and antiparticles ( right ).

Thus, a field due to any particular particle or time-varying electric or magnetic field contributes to the fields present in the same space due to other causes.

The fact that the electric charges of electrons and protons seem to cancel each other exactly to extreme precision is essential for the existence of the macroscopic world as we know it, but this important property of elementary particles is not explained in the Standard Model of particle physics.

The loop Feynman Diagrams that exist in the Higgs Interactions allow any particle with electric charge and mass to run in such a loop.

If a particle of charge q moves with velocity v in the presence of an electric field E and a magnetic field B, then it will experience a force

Lorentz force f on a charged particle ( of electric charge | charge q ) in motion ( instantaneous velocity v ).

The force F acting on a particle of electric charge q with instantaneous velocity v, due to an external electric field E and magnetic field B, is given by:

: is the electric charge of the particle, and

The muon (; from the Greek letter mu ( μ ) used to represent it ) is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with unitary negative electric charge (− 1 ) and a

The electromagnetic force ( Lorentz force ) on a particle with charge due to a combination of electric field and magnetic field ( as given by the " B-field " ) is

Quarks are the only elementary particles in the Standard Model of particle physics to experience all four fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces ( electromagnetism, gravitation, strong interaction, and weak interaction ), as well as the only known particles whose electric charges are not integer multiples of the elementary charge.

Since the vacuum offered no medium for an electric fluid to travel, this discovery could only be explained via a particle carrying a negative charge and moving through the vacuum.

Since electromagnetism was known to be a wave generated by a changing electric or magnetic field ( a continuous, wave-like entity itself ) an atomic / particle description of electricity and charge was a non sequitur.

It is known from experiments in electrostatics that a particle of charge in an electric field experiences a force.

Technically, the dielectric constant measures the solvent's ability to reduce the field strength of the electric field surrounding a charged particle immersed in it.

* Charge carrier, an unbound particle carrying an electric charge

The electric field depicts the force exerted on other electrically charged objects by the electrically charged particle the field is surrounding.

From the definition, the direction of the electric field is the same as the direction of the force it would exert on a positively-charged particle, and opposite the direction of the force on a negatively-charged particle.

Uses for electromagnets include particle accelerators, electric motors, junkyard cranes, and magnetic resonance imaging machines.

( Classically, light of sufficient intensity for the electric field to accelerate a charged particle to a relativistic speed will cause radiation-pressure recoil and an associated Doppler shift of the scattered light, but the effect would become arbitrarily small at sufficiently low light intensities regardless of wavelength.

In classical electromagnetism, the electric potential ( a scalar quantity denoted by φ, φ < sub > E </ sub > or V and also called the electric field potential or the electrostatic potential ) at a point is equal to the electric potential energy ( measured in joules ) of a charged particle at that location divided by the charge ( measured in coulombs ) of the particle.