The electric charge-to-mass ratio of a particle can be measured by observing the radius of curling of its cloud-chamber track in a magnetic field.

These ions, under the influence of the electric field, are accelerated into the cathode surface containing the sample, bombarding the sample and causing neutral sample atom ejection through the process known as sputtering.

Atom probes are unlike conventional optical or electron microscopes, in that the magnification effect comes from the magnification provided by a highly curved electric field, rather than by the manipulation of radiation paths.

Preparation is done, often by hand, to manufacture a tip radius sufficient to induce a high electric field, with radii on the order of 100 nm.

The application of the pulsed voltage to the sample allows for individual ions at the sample surface to have their electric field, and hence atomic bonding, temporarily disrupted.

Field ion microscopy techniques were initially construed as a modification of field emission, a technique which allows for a stream of electrons to be emitted from a sharp needle when subjected to a sufficiently high electric field (~ 3-6 V / nm ).

In field ion and atom probe methods, the polarity of the electric field is reversed, with a high positive field applied to the sample.

Field evaporation is an effect that can occur when an atom bonded at the surface of a material is in the presence of a sufficiently high and appropriately directed electric field, where the electric field is the differential of electric potential ( voltage ) with respect to distance.

Therefore the ion speed can be computed with the following equation, which relates kinetic energy to energy gain due to the electric field.

Whilst the magnification of both the field ion and atom probe microscopes is extremely high, the exact magnification is dependant upon conditions specific to the examined specimen, so unlike for conventional electron microscopes, there is often little direct control on magnification, and furthermore, obtained images may have strongly variable magnifications due to fluctuations in the shape of the electric field at the surface.

This corrugation gives rise to strong electric field gradients in the near-tip zone ( on the order of an atomic radii or less from the tip ), which during ionisation deflects ions away from the electric field normal.

Semi-conductor materials are often analysable in atom probe, however sample preparation may be more difficult, and interpretation of results may be more complex, particularly if the semi-conductor contains phases which evaporate at differing electric field strengths.

In 1879, Edwin Herbert Hall working at the Johns Hopkins University discovered the development of a voltage across conductors transverse to an electric current in the conductor and magnetic field perpendicular to the current.

Whereas Sergei Eisenstein viewed his montage of attractions as a propaganda tool through which the film-viewing masses could be subjected to “ emotional and psychological influence ” and therefore able to perceive “ the ideological aspect ” of the films they were being shown, Vertov believed the Kino-Eye would influence the actual evolution of man, “ from a bumbling citizen through the poetry of the machine to the perfect electric man .”

In a similar manner, moving charges being separated from each other in a conductor by a changing electical potential ( such as in an antenna ) produce an electric dipole type electrical field, but this also dies away very quickly with distance.

Electromagnetic units are part of a system of electrical units based primarily upon the magnetic properties of electric currents, the fundamental SI unit being the ampere.

Classically, electric and magnetic fields are thought of as being produced by smooth motions of charged objects.

Gas atoms adsorbed on the tip are ionized by the strong electric field in the vicinity of the tip ( thus, " field ionization "), becoming positively charged and being repelled from the tip.

However there is the possibility of the results being affected by the limited surface area ( i. e. edge effects ) and by the presence of large electric field.

Before the development of the electric guitar and the use of synthetic materials, a guitar was defined as being an instrument having " a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides ".

Indeed, plants growing in a typical traditional gravel filter bed, with water circulated using electric powerhead pumps, are in effect being grown using gravel hydroponics.

# Replacing polyvinylchloride ( PVC ) in wallpapers, home textiles, shower curtains, lampshades and furniture — PVC has been eliminated from packaging and is being phased out in electric cables ;

" Afterwards, Yakov is said to have committed suicide, running into an electric fence in Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where he was being held.

The coronal discharges identified as Kirlian auras are the result of stochastic electric ionization processes, and are greatly affected by many factors, including the voltage and frequency of the stimulus, the pressure with which a person or object touches the imaging surface, the local humidity around the object being imaged, how well grounded the person or object is, and other local factors affecting the conductivity of the person or object being imaged.

Kayaks are also being sailed, as well as propelled by means of small electric motors, and even by outboard gas engines, when possible.

Even the idea and concept behind the Ampera was rooted in Opel with Frank Weber, the former " Global Vehicle Line Executive and Global Chief Engineer electric vehicle development ," being originally an Opel employee who was moved to the USA in order to advance the development of this concept in GM's home country instead of the German outpost that is Opel.

In practice, this is like a simple electric circuit, with a current of protons being driven from the negative N-side of the membrane to the positive P-side by the proton-pumping enzymes of the electron transport chain.

There are many physical constants in science, some of the most widely recognized being the speed of light in vacuum c, the gravitational constant G, Planck's constant h, the electric constant ε < sub > 0 </ sub >, and the elementary charge e. Physical constants can take many dimensional forms: the speed of light signifies a maximum speed limit of the Universe and is expressed dimensionally as length divided by time ; while the fine-structure constant α, which characterizes the strength of the electromagnetic interaction, is dimensionless.

So-called " pure pop " music, such as power pop, features all these elements, utilising electric guitars, drums and bass for instrumentation ; in the case of such music, the main goal is usually that of being pleasurable to listen to, rather than having much artistic depth.

The internet enables a way of communication which was impossible to be foreseen in past societies. As McLuhan has written, " In this electric age we see ourselves being translated more and more into the form of information, moving toward the technological extension of consciousness ( McLuhan, 86 ).

This change was almost certainly due to the trend toward the louder " Rock " sounds of the 1970s, despite the earlier models being credited by Pete Townshend as being key to the development of " the Marshall sound " and his refinement of electric guitar feedback techniques

It was an advanced system for its time, being an electric railway, powered by overhead electric cables.

Edison's success in promoting direct current as less lethal also led to alternating current being used in the electric chair adopted by New York in 1889 as a supposedly humane execution method.

Even though Trabant doesn't have much of a history of being green, two German companies are trying to find investors to create the Trabant nT, an electric car that will be equipped with a 45 kW asynchronous motor powered with a lithium-ion battery.

A number of keyboard musical instruments using constructions similar to tuning forks have been made, the most popular of them being the Rhodes piano, which has hammers hitting constructions working on the same principle as tuning forks and uses electric amplification of the generated sound.

In order to simplify the exposition of a typical fully apportioned cost analysis, let us assume the application of the analysis to an electric utility company supplying a single city with power generated by its own steam-generation plant.

When oscillating electric currents flow at the correct voltages within radio antennas, radio waves are generated.

The level of electromagnetic emissions generated by electric arcing is high enough to produce electromagnetic interference, which can be detrimental to the workings of adjacent equipment.

The action potentials that travel down neurons are based on electric current generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions into and out of cells.

Most electric lighting is powered by centrally generated electric power, but lighting may also be powered by mobile or standby electric generators or battery systems.

* the electric and magnetic fields are generated by electric charges,

The signal generated by an electric guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is amplified before sending it to a loudspeaker.

Producers use many different sound-sources for bass sounds in house, from continuous, repeating electronically generated lines sequenced on a synthesizer, such as a Korg M1, Roland SH-101, or TB-303, to studio recordings or samples of live electric bassists, or simply filtered-down samples from whole stereo recordings of classic funk tracks or any other songs.

In 1979, Antonov's Kirlian photography experiments generated data about the distribution of the electric field in the air gap between an object and the registering medium during corona discharge.

When voltage is applied, the liquid crystals shift to a tilted position allowing light to pass through and create a gray-scale display depending on the amount of tilt generated by the electric field.

Because magnetic fields are generated by moving electric charges, permanent magnetic dipoles are produced by electrons moving about atoms.

These fields, generated by passing electric currents through gradient coils, make the magnetic field strength vary depending on the position within the magnet.

A molecular orbital describes the behavior of one electron in the electric field generated by the nuclei and some average distribution of the other electrons.

Ampère's law with Maxwell's correction states that magnetic fields can be generated in two ways: by electrical current ( this was the original " Ampère's law ") and by changing electric fields ( this was " Maxwell's correction ").

A body force is generated by virtue of the position of a body within a force field such as a gravitational, electric, or magnetic field.

The heat generated depends on the resistance of the plasma and the amount of electric current running through it.

According to the common explanation, when electric waves are set up in the neighborhood of this circuit, electromotive forces are generated in it which appear to make the filings move closer together, that is, to cohere, and thus their electrical resistance decreasesaccordingly, Sir Oliver Lodge termed this piece of apparatus a coherer.

Since electromagnetism was known to be a wave generated by a changing electric or magnetic field ( a continuous, wave-like entity itself ) an atomic / particle description of electricity and charge was a non sequitur.

Zanzibar gets 70 percent of its electric power needs from mainland Tanzania through a submarine cable, and the rest ( for Pemba ) is thermally generated.

* September 26 – Godalming in England becomes the first town to have its streets illuminated by electric light ( hydroelectrically generated ).

Attempting to experimentally prove James Clerk Maxwell ' " A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field " ( 1864 ), Hertz " generated electric waves using an electric circuit ".