Faraday concluded after several experiments on electrical current in non-spontaneous process, the mass of the products yielded on the electrodes was proportional to the value of current supplied to the cell, the length of time the current existed, and the molar mass of the substance analyzed.

Each cable between the modules was a twisted-pair, cut to a specific length in order to guarantee the signals arrived at precisely the right time, and minimize electrical reflection.

In telecommunications and electrical engineering, electrical length is the length of a transmission medium or antenna element expressed as the number of wavelengths of the signal propagating in the medium.

Alternatively put, the distance covered in free space by the same number of waves as are in the transmission medium will be greater, hence the transmission medium is said to have an electrical length greater than its physical length.

The electrical length is most commonly expressed in units of the wavelength, λ, which is related to the velocity of propagation, v, and frequency, f, by

Consequently, the wavelength will be approximately two-thirds that in free space, and the electrical length approximately 1. 5 times the physical length.

The condition for resonance in a linear dipole antenna is usually that the electrical length be equal to a multiple of a half-wavelength, λ / 2, while for a monopole antenna it is a multiple of a quarter-wavelength, λ / 4.

For example, increasing the diameter of the conductor, or the presence of nearby metal objects, will decrease the velocity of the waves in the element, increasing the electrical length.

where is the length of the conductor, measured in metres, A is the cross-section area of the conductor measured in square metres, σ ( sigma ) is the electrical conductivity measured in siemens per meter ( S · m < sup >− 1 </ sup >), and ρ ( rho ) is the electrical resistivity ( also called specific electrical resistance ) of the material, measured in ohm-metres ( Ω · m ).

The commercial use of explosives uses electrical detonators or the capped fuse which is a length of safety fuse to which an ordinary detonator has been crimped.

While most character encodings map characters to numbers and / or bit sequences, Morse code instead represents characters using a series of electrical impulses of varying length.

** Mechanical specification of electrical connectors and cables, for example maximum cable length

* Power-On Hours, the length of time, in hours, that electrical power is applied to a device

Two audio recordings exist of Gershwin performing an abridged version of the work with Whiteman's orchestra: an acoustic recording made June 10, 1924, released on two sides of Victor 55225 and running 8: 59 ( this recording includes the original clarinetist, Ross Gorman, playing the glissando ) and an electrical recording made April 21, 1927, released on both sides of Victor 35822 and running 9: 01 ( about half the length of the complete work ).

Sometimes the resulting resonant frequency of such a system ( antenna plus matching network ) is described using the construct of " electrical length " and the use of a shorter antenna at a lower frequency than its resonant frequency is termed " electrical lengthening ".

In a similar manner, moving charges being separated from each other in a conductor by a changing electical potential ( such as in an antenna ) produce an electric dipole type electrical field, but this also dies away very quickly with distance.

Hertz used the damped oscillating currents in a dipole antenna, triggered by a high-voltage electrical capacitive spark discharge, as his source of radio waves.

The electrical lengthening reduces the bandwidth of the antenna if other phase control measures are not undertaken.

In telecommunications and antenna design, an image antenna is an electrical mirror-image of an antenna element formed by the radio waves reflecting from a conductive surface called a ground plane, such as the surface of the earth.

Simultaneous electrical scanning in both azimuth and elevation was first demonstrated in a phased array antenna at Hughes Aircraft Company, Culver City, CA, in 1957 ( see Joseph Spradley, “ A Volumetric Electrically Scanned Two-Dimensional Microwave Antenna Array ,” IRE National Convention Record, Part I-Antennas and Propagation ; Microwaves, New York: The Institute of Radio Engineers, 1958, 204-212 ).

When an antenna and feedline do not have matching impedances, some of the electrical energy cannot be transferred from the feedline to the antenna.

As a receiving antenna, the figure describes how well the antenna converts radio waves arriving from a specified direction into electrical power.

The power gain, on the other hand, signifies the ratio of radiated power in a given direction relative to that of an isotropic radiator which is radiating the total amount of electrical power received by the antenna in question.

If only a certain portion of the electrical power received from the transmitter is actually radiated by the antenna ( its efficiency ) the directive gain compares the power radiated in a given direction to that reduced power, ignoring the inefficiency.

where P < sub > elec </ sub > signifies the electrical power received by the antenna from the transmitter.

In modern construction in industrialized nations, most homes have been wired for electrical power, telephones, TV outlets ( cable or antenna ), and a doorbell.

The sum of the electrical potentials of the antenna to a given odour can be measured using an electroantennogram.

An antenna ( or aerial ) is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa.

Especially at microwave frequencies, a receiving antenna may include not only the actual electrical antenna but an integrated preamplifier or mixer.

On the other hand, a superficially similar dipole array, the Yagi-Uda Antenna ( or simply " Yagi "), has only one dipole element with an electrical connection ; the other so-called parasitic elements interact with the electromagnetic field in order to realize a fairly directional antenna but one which is limited to a rather narrow bandwidth.

This is used as a reference for comparing the ohmic heating and the electrical energy obtained from the measured current through the element and the measured voltage across the element.

When analyzing electrical circuits, the actual direction of current through a specific circuit element is usually unknown.

* Heating element, a device that generates heat by electrical resistance

The radiation sensing element is an inert gas-filled Geiger-Muller tube ( usually containing helium, neon or argon with halogens added ) which briefly conducts electrical charge when a particle or photon of radiation makes the gas conductive by ionisation.

In addition to the original 31. 25 kbit / s ( baud is the signalling rate and is the reciprocal of the shortest signalling element ; bits / sec is the data rate ) current-loop transported on 5-pin DIN, other connectors have been used for the same electrical data, and transmission of MIDI streams in different forms over USB, IEEE 1394 a. k. a. FireWire, and Ethernet is now common.

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.

A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal.

Heating is often achieved electrically, by passing an electric current ( supplied through an electrical cord or battery cables ) through a resistive heating element.

This type of wok is plugged into an electrical outlet and the heating element is in the wok.

Plasma arc loudspeakers use electrical plasma as a radiating element.

More recent designs use the engine heat only indirectly: A sensor detects engine heat and varies electrical current to a small heating element, which acts upon the bimetallic spring to control its tension, thereby controlling the choke.

# Hall coefficient ( electrical physics )-Relates a magnetic field applied to an element to the voltage created, the amount of current and the element thickness.

The electrical resistance of an electrical element is the opposition to the passage of an electric current through that element ; the inverse quantity is electrical conductance, the ease at which an electric current passes.