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electron and is
Af is paramagnetic, and electron paramagnetic dipole as well as nuclear dipole effects lead to line broadening.
Indeed it is possible to separate electron paramagnetic from nuclear effects.
The information provided by the electron paramagnetic effects is then discussed, and finally the nuclear effects are interpreted in terms of various motional-modified models of the Af bond in Af.
The approximate equation is Af, where N is the number of Af with electron line-density greater than or equal to Af, and Q is proportional to the mass of the meteorite.
Radiopasteurization by either the electron accelerator or cesium-137 source is in the range of freezing costs.
Irradiation using the nuclide source is more expensive than use of an electron accelerator.
It should be noted, however, that the paraxial resolution is quite similar for both electron optical systems.
The electron optical system ( see fig. 14-1 ) is based in principle on the focusing action of concentric spherical cathode and anode surfaces.
The charges of the electron and proton are believed to be exactly equal and opposite, but Dr. Lyttleton is not so sure.
Suppose, says Dr. Lyttleton, the proton has a slightly greater charge than the electron ( so slight it is presently immeasurable ).
A Lewis acid is a species that accepts a pair of electrons from another species ; in other words, it is an electron pair acceptor.
BF < sub > 3 </ sub > is a Lewis acid because it accepts the electron pair from fluoride.
The species that gains the electron pair is the Lewis acid ; for example, the oxygen atom in H < sub > 3 </ sub > O < sup >+</ sup > gains a pair of electrons when one of the H — O bonds is broken and the electrons shared in the bond become localized on oxygen.
The number of electrons in each element's electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior.
An atom containing an equal number of protons and electrons is electrically neutral, otherwise it has a positive charge if there are fewer electrons ( electron deficiency ) or negative charge if there are more electrons ( electron excess ).
Over 99. 94 % of an atom's mass is concentrated in the nucleus ,< ref group = note > In the case of hydrogen-1, with a single electron and nucleon, the proton is, or 99. 95 % of the total atomic mass.
Thus, the planetary model of the atom was discarded in favor of one that described atomic orbital zones around the nucleus where a given electron is most likely to be observed.

electron and by
The use of high voltages and low currents by proper design to reduce electron heat transfer to the anode for a given power output.
The resolution limitations for a single stage are given by the inherent resolution of the electron optical system as well as the resolution capabilities of the cathodoluminescent viewing screen.
It should be noted that photoluminescence, due to `` Bremsstrahlung '' generated within the viewing screen by electron impact, appears to be important only if anode voltages in excess of 30 KV are utilized.
Naturally occurring with a half-life of 1. 25 years, decays to stable ( 11. 2 %) by electron capture or positron emission, and also to stable ( 88. 8 %) via beta decay.
Protons have a positive charge and a mass 1, 836 times that of the electron, at, although this can be reduced by changes to the energy binding the proton into an atom.
* 1932 – The positron ( antiparticle of the electron ) is discovered by Carl D. Anderson.
Any quantity of energy absorbed by the electron in excess of this amount is converted to kinetic energy according to the conservation of energy.
The term may also refer to the physical region where the electron can be calculated to be, as defined by the particular mathematical form of the orbital.
) A state is actually a function of the coordinates of all the electrons, so that their motion is correlated, but this is often approximated by this independent-particle model of products of single electron wave functions.
These states are labeled by a set of quantum numbers summarized in the term symbol and usually associated with particular electron configurations, i. e., by occupation schemes of atomic orbitals ( e. g., 1s < sup > 2 </ sup > 2s < sup > 2 </ sup > 2p < sup > 6 </ sup > for the ground state of neon -- term symbol: < sup > 1 </ sup > S < sub > 0 </ sub >).
Max Born suggested that the electron's position needed to be described by a probability distribution which was connected with finding the electron at some point in the wave-function which described its associated wave packet.
The frequency and wavelength of the gamma rays indicate that each carries 511 keV of energy ( i. e., the rest mass of an electron multiplied by c < sup > 2 </ sup >).
One may try to quantize an electron field without mixing the annihilation and creation operators by writing
Synthetic amethyst is produced by gamma-ray, x-ray or electron beam irradiation of clear quartz which has been first doped with ferric impurities.
The word " electron " was coined in 1891 by the Irish physicist George Stoney whilst analyzing elementary charges for the first time.
The Fermi temperature is defined as this maximum energy divided by Boltzmann's constant, and is of the order of 80, 000 K for typical electron densities found in metals.
Additional slender electron dense secretory bodies ( micronemes ) surrounded by one or two polar rings may also be present.
( b ) illustrates the same process using spectroscopic notation,. The Auger effect () is a physical phenomenon in which the filling of an inner-shell vacancy of an atom is accompanied by the emission of an electron from the same atom.
Auger electron spectroscopy involves the emission of Auger electrons by bombarding a sample with either X-rays or energetic electrons and measures the intensity of Auger electrons as a function of the Auger electron energy.
The direction of electric current is, by convention, opposite to the direction of electron flow.

electron and far
As far as atoms and their electron shells were concerned, not only did this yield a better overall description, i. e. the atomic orbital model, but it also provided a new theoretical basis for chemistry
Because of the much smaller wavelength of the electron beam, resolution is far higher.
In order to gain higher resolution, the use of an electron beam with a far smaller wavelength is used in electron microscopes.
If electrons ' move ' about the electron cloud in strict paths the same way planets orbit the sun, then electrons would be required to do so at speeds which far exceed the speed of light.
The farther the electron jumps the shorter the wavelength of the photon emitted, meaning they emit different colors based on how far they jump.
Here " immediately " means that the final electron position is far from the surface on the atomic scale but still close to the solid on the macroscopic scale.
Complete removal of an electron from an atom can be a form of ionization, which is effectively moving the electron out to an orbital with an infinite principal quantum number, in effect so far away so as to have practically no more effect on the remaining atom ( ion ).
One advantage of the double probe is that neither electrode is ever very far above floating, so the theoretical uncertainties at large electron currents are avoided.
An electron gun sent a beam of electrons to the far end of the tube, where they impacted a screen.
While X-ray and electron beams are by far the most widely used sources for external beam radiotherapy, a small number of centers operate experimental and pilot programs employing heavier particle beams, particularly proton sources.
Scanning electron microscope images, such as that in the taxobox, are far more illuminating than those taken in transmitted light.
For most resists, it is difficult to go below 25 nm lines and spaces, and a limit of 20 nm lines and spaces has been found .< ref name =" liddle "> In actuality, though, the range of secondary electron scattering is quite far, sometimes exceeding 100 nm, but becoming very significant below 30 nm.
Electrons, within an electron shell around an atom, tend to distribute themselves as far apart from each other, within the given shell, as they can ( due to each one being negatively charged ).
An atom in a Rydberg state has a valence electron in a large orbit far from the ion core ; in such an orbit the outermost electron feels an almost hydrogenic, Coulomb potential, U < sub > C </ sub > from a compact ion core consisting of a nucleus with Z protons and the lower electron shells filled with Z-1 electrons.
This is especially troublesome in the setting of electron crystallography, where that radiation damage is focused on far fewer atoms.
The inelastic mean free path ( IMFP ) is an index of how far an electron can travel through a solid before losing energy.
So far ( 2009 ), there is only one reliable evidence ( through hyperfine interaction structure in electron paramagnetic resonance ) for isolated sulfur defects in diamond.
Also, image contrast of microstructures at relatively low magnifications, e. g., < 500X, is far better with the LOM than with the scanning electron microscope ( SEM ), while transmission electron microscopes ( TEM ) generally cannot be utilized at magnifications below about 2000 to 3000X.
In addition, MINOS looks for the appearance of electron neutrinos in the far detector, and will either measure or set a limit on the oscillation probability of muon neutrinos into electron neutrinos.

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