John Bardeen then argued in the 1955 paper, " Theory of the Meissner Effect in Superconductors " that such a modification naturally occurs in a theory with an energy gap.

This means there is an energy gap for single-particle excitation, unlike in the normal metal ( where the state of an electron can be changed by adding an arbitrarily small amount of energy ).

This energy gap is highest at low temperatures but vanishes at the transition temperature when superconductivity ceases to exist.

The BCS theory gives an expression that shows how the gap grows with the strength of the attractive interaction and the ( normal phase ) single particle density of states at the Fermi energy.

* BCS theory predicts the dependence of the value of the energy gap E at temperature T on the critical temperature T < sub > c </ sub >.

The ratio between the value of the energy gap at zero temperature and the value of the superconducting transition temperature ( expressed in energy units ) takes the universal value of 3. 5, independent of material.

* Due to the energy gap, the specific heat of the superconductor is suppressed strongly ( exponentially ) at low temperatures, there being no thermal excitations left.

For this to occur, energy is required, as in the semiconductor the next higher states lie above the band gap.

When iodine is dissolved in polar solvents which are strong donor solvents such as ketones, ethers, pyridine, the formation of charge-transfer complex leads to modification of the energy gap between the two molecular orbitals, thus different wavelengths were absorbed and iodine has different color in solvents with different polarity.

In non-polar solvents such as hexane, no charge-transfer complexes is formed, and the solution appears violet ( λ < sub > max </ sub > = 520-540 nm ) since the energy gap in I < sub > 2 </ sub > in non-polar solvents is essentially the same as that in the gas phase.

Whether a material is an insulator depends on its band gap, the energy needed by an electron to make it a conduction electron so it can move freely.

This occurs because the " valence " band containing the highest energy electrons is full, and a large energy gap separates this band from the next band above it.

In a solid, the breakdown voltage is proportional to the band gap energy.

This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light ( corresponding to the energy of the photon ) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.

The wavelength of the light emitted, and thus its color depends on the band gap energy of the materials forming the p-n junction.

The difference of the energies of the HOMO and LUMO, termed the band gap, can sometimes serve as a measure of the excitability of the molecule: The smaller the energy the more easily it will be excited.

Furthermore, insulating materials such as silicon dioxide ( SiO < sub > 2 </ sub >), when exposed to photons with energy greater than the band gap, release free electrons and holes which subsequently cause adverse charging.

If an atom is already in the excited state, it may be perturbed by the passage of a photon that has a frequency ν < sub > 21 </ sub > corresponding to the energy gap ΔE of the excited state to ground state transition.

Due to quantum mechanics, the energy spectrum of this Cooper pair fluid possesses an energy gap, meaning there is a minimum amount of energy ΔE that must be supplied in order to excite the fluid.

Man is not confined to one outlet for his vital energy.

it is Astarte, Ishtar, Venus, Yahwe, Dionysus, Christ, the mysterious and divine orgone energy flowing through the body of the universe.

It is therefore not surprising that they resist the lure of marriage and the trap of domesticity, for like cats they are determined not to tame their sexual energy.

He will not curb his instinctual desires but release the energy within him that makes him feel truly and fully alive, even if it is only for this brief moment before the apocalypse of annihilation explodes on earth.

One's daily work becomes sacred, since it is performed in the field of influence of the moral law, dealing as it does with people as well as with matter and energy.

This is used as a reference for comparing the ohmic heating and the electrical energy obtained from the measured current through the element and the measured voltage across the element.

In plasma generators as currently commercially available for industrial use or as high temperature research tools often more than 50% of the total energy input is being transferred to the cooling medium of the anode.

The purpose of the present study is to study the thermal conditions and to establish an energy balance for a transpiration cooled anode as well as the effect of blowing on the arc voltage.

It is sufficiently small compared with the surface temperature of the anode holder, to make the energy flux radiated from the environment toward the anode holder negligible within the accuracy of the present measurements.

If Af is the change per unit volume in Gibbs function caused by the shear field at constant P and T, and **yr is the density of the fluid, then the total potential energy of the system above the reference height is Af.

The total volume of the system above the reference height is Af, and H can be eliminated to obtain an equation for the total potential energy of the system in terms of H.

The minimum total potential energy is found by taking the derivative with respect to H and equating to zero.

This is interesting for it combines both the thermodynamic concept of a minimum Gibbs function for equilibrium and minimum mechanical potential energy for equilibrium.

The concept of the strain energy as a Gibbs function difference Af and exerting a force normal to the shearing face is compatible with the information obtained from optical birefringence studies of fluids undergoing shear.

The internal energy of an ideal gas depends on temperature only and is independent of pressure or volume.

If such is the case, the particles within a distance of about Af of the Earth will have, relative to the Earth, a kinetic energy less than their potential energy and they will be captured into orbits about the Earth.

This `` ejection '' momentum is linearly related to the particle energy.

he is a coordinate part of all of the mysterious energy and being and movement.

The simplest division, and the one most frequently used ( with subdivisions ) in gas and electric rate cases, is a threefold division of the total operating and capital costs into `` customer costs '', `` energy '' or `` volumetric costs '', and `` demand '' or `` capacity '' costs.

Most of the impact energy is spent in crushing and fragmentation.

-- Glycerinated muscle, in the presence of the physiological agent ( ATP ) responsible for delivering energy to the mechanochemically active proteins of muscle, has been shown to undergo a contraction which is highly sensitive both to temperature and to solvent composition in mixtures of alcohols and water.

Costs of the effective energy produced by these sources is a major obstacle in the development of food-preservation processes.