It required an energy he no longer possessed to be satirical about his father.

Radiation, therefore, is at an initial cost disadvantage even though only 1 to 10 per cent as much radiation energy as heat energy is required for radiopasteurization or radiosterilization.

A human traveling on a bicycle at low to medium speeds of around 10 – 15 mph ( 15 – 25 km / h ) uses only the energy required to walk.

In addition, the carbon dioxide generated in the production and transportation of the food required by the bicyclist, per mile traveled, is less than 1 / 10 that generated by energy efficient cars.

This allows the energy required to move the same distance to be distributed over more pedal turns, reducing fatigue when riding uphill, with a heavy load, or against strong winds.

The heat of vaporization is the energy required to transform a given quantity ( a mol, kg, pound, etc.

Thus, the energy required to break any single pair is related to the energy required to break all of the pairs ( or more than just two electrons ).

Combustion in oxygen is a chain reaction where many distinct radical intermediates participate. The high energy required for initiation is explained by the unusual structure of the dioxygen molecule.

To initiate combustion, energy is required to force dioxygen into a spin-paired state, or singlet oxygen.

Energetically, these bands are located between the energy of the ground state, the state in which electrons are tightly bound to the atomic nuclei of the material, and the free electron energy, the latter describing the energy required for an electron to escape entirely from the material.

For this to occur, energy is required, as in the semiconductor the next higher states lie above the band gap.

* Activation energy, which is defined as the amount of energy required to make the reaction start and carry on spontaneously.

Catalysts are especially helpful for reducing the energy required for the reaction and increasing its reaction rate.

However, this advantage is totally negated by the relatively large energy consumption required to simply move the cable over and under the numerous guide rollers and around the many sheaves.

Alternatively, if positive pressures are required, standard glassware can not be used, energy must be used for pressurization and there is a higher chance of side reactions occurring in the distillation, such as decomposition, due to the higher temperatures required to effect boiling.

This has an important impact on the selectivity of the distillation and allows a chemist to optimize a process such that fewer extremes of pressure and temperature are required and less energy is consumed.

Origins tend to be " AT-rich " ( rich in adenine and thymine bases ) to assist this process, because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds ( rather than the three formed in a C-G pair )— in general, strands rich in these nucleotides are easier to separate since less energy is required to break relatively fewer hydrogen bonds.

Glucose is mainly metabolized by a very important ten-step pathway called glycolysis, the net result of which is to break down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate ; this also produces a net two molecules of ATP, the energy currency of cells, along with two reducing equivalents in the form of converting NAD < sup >+</ sup > to NADH.

Waves erode coastline as they break on shore releasing their energy ; the larger the wave the more energy it releases and the more sediment it moves.

Later the length of the platform decreases because the waves lose their energy as they break further off shore ( Easterbrook 1999 ).

* The episode " The Stones of Blood ", of the 16th season of Doctor Who, the Fourth Doctor encounters the Ogri, a silicon-based life form, and in the same sub-plot, the Megara, who are made entirely out of an unknown substance, possibly energy, and they uphold the word of the law, and execute all who break the law with a beam of energy.

This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the stored energy.

The energy density per atomic transition of ionizing radiation is very high ; it can break apart molecules and induce ionization, which is not achieved by mere heating.

These digestive juices break chemical bonds in ingested molecules, and modify their conformations and energy states.

Even at equilibrium molecules are constantly in motion and, once in a while, a molecule in the liquid phase gains enough kinetic energy to break away from the liquid phase and enter the gas phase.

The peptide bonds in proteins are metastable, meaning that in the presence of water they will break spontaneously, releasing 8 – 16 kilojoule / mol ( 2 – 4 kcal / mol ) of free energy, but this process is extremely slow.

Finally, the temperature gets high enough that any nucleus can be partially broken down, most commonly releasing an alpha particle ( helium nucleus ) which immediately fuses with another nucleus, so that several nuclei are effectively rearranged into a smaller number of heavier nuclei, with net release of energy because the addition of fragments to nuclei exceeds the energy required to break them off the parent nuclei.

Once the nucleosynthesis process arrives at iron-56, the continuation of this process consumes energy ( the addition of fragments to nuclei releases less energy than required to break them off the parent nuclei ).

Therefore, just as bradyons are forbidden to break the light-speed barrier, so too are tachyons forbidden from slowing down to below c, because infinite energy is required to reach the barrier from either above or below.

In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules ( e. g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes ).

In physics and electrical engineering, a cutoff frequency, corner frequency, or break frequency is a boundary in a system's frequency response at which energy flowing through the system begins to be reduced ( attenuated or reflected ) rather than passing through.

This is necessary to break the attractions the ions have with each other and is equal to the solid's lattice free energy ( the energy released at the formation of the lattice as the ions bonded with each other ).

In this " condensed " state, the breaking of one pair will change the energy of the entire condensate-not just a single electron, or a single pair.

The BCS theory gives an expression that shows how the gap grows with the strength of the attractive interaction and the ( normal phase ) single particle density of states at the Fermi energy.

A Btu can be approximated as the heat produced by burning a single wooden match or as the amount of energy it would take to lift a one-pound weight to a height of.

* Simple radiant heat transfer model that treats the earth as a single point and averages outgoing energy

Molecular mechanics simulations, for example, use a single classical expression for the energy of a compound, for instance the harmonic oscillator.

According to the United States Department of Energy, the wide range of its current and projected uses, together with the lack of any immediately suitable replacement, makes dysprosium the single most critical element for emerging clean energy technologies-even their most conservative projections predict a shortfall of dysprosium before 2015.

A single particle of radiation, with thousands or millions of electron volts of energy, generates many charge carrier pairs, as its energy is deposited in the semiconductor material.

As a photon interacts with single atoms and molecules, the effect depends on the amount of energy the photon carries.

By definition, it is the amount of energy gained by the charge of a single electron moved across an electric potential difference of one volt.

* ~ 624 E < nowiki > eV </ nowiki > (): energy needed to power a single 100 watt light bulb for one second.

A single molecule in the air has an average kinetic energy 3 / 80 eV.

Also, the energy estimate can be only used for single, not for multiple bonds.

The energy of formation of a molecule containing only single bonds then can be approximated from an electronegativity table, and depends on the constituents and sum of squares of differences of electronegativities of all pairs of bonded atoms.

Above the unification energy, on the order of 100 GeV, they would merge into a single electroweak force.

Why do the electrons appear as single bright scintillations rather than as dim washes of energy across the surface?

A Grand Unified Theory, ( GUT ), is a model in particle physics in which at high energy, the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model which define the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, are merged into one single interaction characterized by one larger gauge symmetry and thus one unified coupling constant.

When EMR interacts with single atoms and molecules, its behaviour depends on the amount of energy per quantum it carries.

The postulated potential energy of a single molecule is given by:

Since the mines are buried, the ground directs the energy of the blast in a single direction — through the bottom of the target vehicle or on the track.

In single crystal form, silicon is an almost perfect Hookean material, meaning that when it is flexed there is virtually no hysteresis and hence almost no energy dissipation.

* Multi-photon absorption, simultaneous absorption of two or more photons, transferring the energy to a single electron