Thus, the next value () is determined by the present value () plus the weighted average of four increments, where each increment is the product of the size of the interval, h, and an estimated slope specified by function f on the right-hand side of the differential equation.

Equivalently, the slope could be estimated by employing positions ( x-h ) and x.

The greater the variance in the x measurement, the closer the estimated slope must approach 0 instead of the true gradient.

where is the estimated value of the constant term and is the estimated value of the slope coefficient b.

Given this kind of data, the estimated coefficient on Years of Education in the equation above reflects both the effect of education on wages and the effect of other variables on wages, if those other variables were correlated with education.

The global income inequality Gini coefficient in 2005, for all human beings taken together, has been estimated to be between 0. 61 and 0. 68 by various sources.

If the lift coefficient for a wing at a specified angle of attack is known ( or estimated using a method such as thin airfoil theory ), then the lift produced for specific flow conditions can be determined using the following equation:

Using the known ionic radii for the trivalent rare earths and the linear correlation of log distribution coefficient with ionic radius, an average ionic radius of 0. 089 nm was estimated for Md < sup > 3 +</ sup > and a heat of hydration of –( 3654 ± 12 ) kJ / mol calculated using empirical models and the Born-Haber cycle.

A similar theoretical maximum size for mammalian carnivores has been predicted based on the metabolic rate of mammals, the energetic cost of obtaining prey, and the maximum estimated rate coefficient of prey intake.

In empirical work an elasticity is the estimated coefficient in a linear regression equation where both the dependent variable and the independent variable are in natural logs.

The value of the mean ionic activity coefficient γ < sub >±</ sub > of ions in solution can also be estimated with the Debye – Hückel equation, the Davies equation or the Pitzer equations.

For height, Galton estimated this coefficient to be about 2 / 3: the height of an individual will measure around a midpoint that is two thirds of the parents ’ deviation from the population average.

In spite of numerous famed examples of the economic growth of Second Life an amateur analyst in 2008 estimated the income inequity in Second Life's economy as worse than has ever been recorded in any real economy: a Gini coefficient of 90. 2, a Hoover index of 77. 8, and a Theil index of 91 %.

| more general = Zero-lift drag coefficient: 0. 0148 ( estimated )

The Gini coefficient, and other measures in economics, estimated for each country, are useful for figuring out how many of the poorest people have the equivalent total wealth of the few richest in the country.

If the lift coefficient for a wing at a specified angle of attack is known ( or estimated using a method such as thin-airfoil theory ), then the lift produced for specific flow conditions can be determined using the following equation

However, if a simple linear regression of the explained variable on this explanatory variable is estimated, the coefficient will be found to be significant ; specifically, the analyst will reject the hypothesis that the coefficient is zero.

When the extra variable is included, the data always have the option of giving it an estimated coefficient of zero, leaving the predicted values and the R < sup > 2 </ sup > unchanged.

Its coefficient matrix is usually sparse and the exact solution of all estimated parameters can be computed by using the HWB method.

Given the sample mean () and sample coefficient of variation () the parameters and can be estimated:

This was no minor undertaking, as the condensation coefficient was unknown and had to be estimated – it would be another twelve years before Pictet and Cailletet would liquify nitrogen for the first time.

Assuming the lower figure for the big blast and one shot estimated by the Japanese at 10 megatons, a conservative computation is that the 24 announced tests produced a total yield of at least 60 megatons.

The estimated standard deviations of the data for two of the resistors were 1 millidegree ; ;

These expenditures are estimated to be $12.1 billion, an increase of $187 million over 1960, reflecting additional longevity pay of career personnel, more dependents, an increased number of men drawing proficiency pay, and social security tax increases ( effective for the full year in 1961 compared with only 6 months in 1960 ).

-- Expenditures for operating and maintaining the stations and equipment of the Armed Forces are estimated to be $10.3 billion in 1961, which is $184 million more than in 1960.

Expenditures for shipbuilding are estimated at about the same level as in 1960.

If you were required to file a declaration of estimated tax for the calendar year 1961, it is not necessary to pay the fourth installment otherwise due on January 15, 1962, if you file your income tax return Form 1040, and pay your tax in full for the calendar year 1961 by January 31, 1962.

Your application must include the following information: ( 1 ) your reasons for requesting an extension, ( 2 ) whether you filed timely income tax returns for the 3 preceding years, and ( 3 ) whether you were required to file an estimated return for the year, and if so whether you did file and have paid the estimated tax payments on or before the due dates.

Have you estimated your sales manpower needs for the future ( both quantitatively and qualitatively )??

From an estimated mass of 25 g for a zero-magnitude meteorite, the other masses are derived with the assumption of a mass decrease by a factor of 2.512 for each unit increase in magnitude.

At the present time we do not know by what biochemical mechanism TSH acts on the thyroid, but for bio-assay of the hormone there are a number of properties by which its activity may be estimated, including release of iodine from the thyroid, increase in thyroid weight, increase in mean height of the follicular cells and increase in the thyroidal uptake of Af.

But the really controversial aspect of customer-cost imputation arises because of the cost analyst's frequent practice of including, not just those costs that can be definitely earmarked as incurred for the benefit of specific customers but also a substantial fraction of the annual maintenance and capital costs of the secondary ( low-voltage ) distribution system -- a fraction equal to the estimated annual costs of a hypothetical system of minimum capacity.

It has been estimated that for applications on a megawatt scale costs might reach values in the neighborhood of 10 cents per kwhr for large-scale accelerators or for gamma radiation generated in a reactor core.

The table on page 10 shows costs of canning and freezing meat, and estimated costs for irradiation under certain assumed conditions.

Officials estimated the annual tax boost for the medical plan would amount to 1.5 billion dollars and that medical benefits paid out would run 1 billion or more in the first year, 1963.

The big, 22-year-old shortstop, the 1960 American league `` rookie-of-the-year '', flew here late this afternoon from Baltimore, signed his contract for an estimated $15,000 and was a spectator at tonight's 5-to-3 loss to Kansas City -- the winless Birds' sixth setback in a row.

In 1961, it is estimated that multiple unit dwellings will account for nearly 30 per cent of the starts in residential construction.

In 1973, Enter the Dragon grossed an estimated $ 25, 000, 000 in North America, and an estimated $ 90, 000, 000 worldwide, on a tight budget of $ 850, 000.

In 2000, international agencies estimated that Kosovo was supplying up to 40 % of the heroin sold in Europe and North America.

One estimate is over one hundred thousand meteors an hour, but another, done as the storm abated, estimated in excess of two hundred thousand meteors an hour over the entire region of North America east of the Rocky Mountains.

An estimated 75 million people worldwide belong to the Methodist community, however the number has gone into steady decline, especially in North America, where an increasing number of people are leaving the old-line churches to join theologically conservative denominations.

Combined with a series of natural disasters, this led to the North Korean famine, which lasted from 1994 to 1998 and killed an estimated 800, 000 to 3, 500, 000 people.

However, the CIA World Fact Book estimated that North Korea's annual population growth rate was 1. 0 % in 1991 and that it has since declined to 0. 4 % by 2009.

By 2000, taking into account penalties and accrued interest, North Korea's debt was estimated at USD 10 – 12 billion.

By 2012, North Korea's external debt had grown to an estimated US $ 20 billion despite Russia reportedly writing off about $ 8 billion of debt in exchange for participation in natural resources development.

The world's largest gas field is Qatar's offshore North Field, estimated to have 25 trillion cubic meters ( 9. 0

In a regional nuclear conflict scenario where two opposing nations in the subtropics would each use 50 Hiroshima-sized nuclear weapons ( about 15 kiloton each ) on major populated centers, the researchers estimated as much as five million tons of soot would be released, which would produce a cooling of several degrees over large areas of North America and Eurasia, including most of the grain-growing regions.

It is estimated that they captured 1. 25 million white slaves from Western Europe and North America between the 16th and 19th centuries.

Thailand is also home to a significant number of registered foreigners from Asia, Europe, and North America, as well as an estimated several hundred thousand illegal immigrants, some of which are natives.

Its annual quota is 30 minke whales ( out of an estimated 174, 000 animals in the central and north-eastern North Atlantic ) and nine fin whales ( out of an estimated 30, 000 animals in the central and north-eastern North Atlantic ).

It is, however, estimated that large populations remain in North America and northern Asia.

* November 14 – The Pittsburgh Gasometer Explosion: Three Equitable Gas storage tanks in the North Side of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania explode, killing 26 people and causing damage estimated between $ 4. 0 million and $ 5. 0 million.

Also, they estimated that as much as five million tons of soot could be released, producing a cooling of several degrees over large areas of North America and Eurasia ( including most of the grain-growing regions ).

According to the Stress Management Center and Phobia Institute in Asheville, North Carolina, an estimated 17 to 21 million people in the United States are affected by a fear of this day making it the most feared day and date in history.

Used tires are the most visible of the waste products made from rubber ; it is estimated that North America alone generates approximately 300 million waste tires annually, with over half being added to existing stockpiles.

The United States, the European Union, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Japan and the Middle East collectively produce about one billion tires annually, with estimated accumulations of three billion in Europe and six billion in North America.

The film earned an estimated $ 12 million at the North American box office in 1952 and was the most popular film in Britain that year.

The film earned an estimated $ 4. 2 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1954.