In their seminal paper in 1967 in Science, Sarich and Wilson estimated the divergence time of humans and apes as four to five million years ago, at a time when standard interpretations of the fossil record gave this divergence as at least 10 to as much as 30 million years.

In the PBS science program Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, Episode 9: " The Lives of the Stars ", astronomer and television personality Carl Sagan estimated that writing a googolplex in standard form ( i. e., " 10, 000, 000, 000 ...") would be physically impossible, since doing so would require more space than the known universe provides.

For purposes of delineating the metre, the BIPM currently considers the HeNe laser wavelength to be as follows: with an estimated relative standard uncertainty ( U ) of.

Namibia is a low middle income country with an estimated annual GDP per capita of US $ 5, 155 but has extreme inequalities in income distribution and standard of living.

It is estimated that up to half of the power produced by a standard " non-breeder " reactor is produced by the fission of plutonium-239 produced in place, over the total life-cycle of a fuel load.

When only a sample of data from a population is available, the population standard deviation can be estimated by a modified quantity called the sample standard deviation, explained below.

It has been estimated that the standard fee paid to the USEE was £ 100 for a three-day match with £ 5 each going to the nine professionals in the team and the other £ 45 to W. G.

Despite a relatively high standard of primary health care and education, infant mortality is still 83 out of 1, 000 live births, and it is estimated that malnutrition affects one in three of Zanzibar's people.

The numbers in parentheses are the estimated standard deviations for the last digit.

This is the estimated " structural " unemployment rate, ( the unemployment when there is full employment ), plus & minus, the standard error of the estimate.

In November 2008, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev announced government support for the construction of the Sakhalin Tunnel, along with the required re-gauging of the island's railways to Russian standard gauge, at an estimated cost of 300 – 330 billion roubles.

By extrapolating from the other noble gases, it is expected that ununoctium has a boiling point between 320 and 380 K. This is very different from the previously estimated values of 263 K or 247 K. Even given the large uncertainties of the calculations, it seems highly unlikely that ununoctium would be a gas under standard conditions, and as the liquid range of the other gases is very narrow, between 2 and 9 kelvins, this element should be solid at standard conditions.

* Ecuador: 32, 000, counting standard German-speakers only, but an estimated 150, 000 are of German ancestry.

Little profit found its way to the poorest people, however, a fact reflected in the standard of living of colonia dwellers, of whom an estimated 52, 000 lived in 366 colonias in 1986.

Although introduced by others, Studentized residuals are named in Student's honor because, like the problem that led to Student's t-distribution, the idea of adjusting for estimated standard deviations is central to that concept.

It is estimated that about one in ten supernova explosions results in a magnetar rather than a more standard neutron star or pulsar.

Libby estimated that the radioactivity of exchangeable carbon-14 would be about 14 disintegrations per minute ( dpm ) per gram of pure carbon, and this is still used as the activity of the modern radiocarbon standard .< ref > In 1960, Libby was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for this work.

One of Terrace's colleagues, Laura-Ann Petitto, estimated that with more standard criteria, Nim's true vocabulary count was closer to 25 than 125.

The two digits between the parentheses denote the standard error of the last two digits of the estimated value.

The two digits between parentheses denote the standard error of the estimated value.

In an analogy to standard deviation, taking the square root of MSE yields the root mean square error or root mean square deviation ( RMSE or RMSD ), which has the same units as the quantity being estimated ; for an unbiased estimator, the RMSE is the square root of the variance, known as the standard deviation.

Also in regression analysis, " mean squared error ", often referred to as " out-of-sample mean squared error ", can refer to the mean value of the squared deviations of the predictions from the true values, over an out-of-sample test space, generated by a model estimated over a particular sample space.

The 95 % prediction interval, is often estimated by assuming a normal distribution of the measured parameter, in which case it can alternatively be defined as the interval limited by 1. 96 ( often rounded up to 2 ) population standard deviations from either side of the population mean ( also called the expected value ).

It estimated IQs for all US presidents, and validated the headline of the hoax, which stated Bush's was the lowest of any president in the last 50 years, though it estimates his IQ considerably higher ( by more than two standard deviations ) than the 91 suggested in the hoax report.

Using weekly data, they estimated transaction costs and evaluated their role in explaining deviations from interest rate parity and found that most deviations could be explained by transaction costs.

The flux of micrometeorites in the neighborhood of the Earth can be estimated by extrapolation from radar and visual meteor data.

The best measurements available ( from WMAP ) show that the data is well-fit by a Lambda-CDM model in which dark matter is assumed to be cold ( warm dark matter is ruled out by early reionization ), and is estimated to make up about 23 % of the matter / energy of the universe, while baryonic matter makes up about 4. 6 %.

These data are then matched to census records and the number of people missed can be estimated by considering the number missed in the census or survey but counted in the other.

Earlier Berkeley studies estimated that by the end of 1999, the sum of human-produced information ( including all audio, video recordings and text / books ) was about 12 exabytes of data.

The sample data matrix must have full rank or OLS cannot be estimated.

There must be at least one observation for every parameter being estimated and the data cannot have perfect multicollinearity.

Given this kind of data, the estimated coefficient on Years of Education in the equation above reflects both the effect of education on wages and the effect of other variables on wages, if those other variables were correlated with education.

This is based on 1989 to 2009 data, estimated by CIA.

Kepler planned to test his theory from Mysterium Cosmographicum based on the Mars data, but he estimated that the work would take up to two years ( since he was not allowed to simply copy the data for his own use ).

It has been estimated that complete resolution of the phylogeny will require at least 25000 base pairs of DNA sequence data per taxon.

This can be estimated from the training data as

The potential for synergy is then unknown or estimated from data on similar combinations.

For example, every continuous probability distribution has a median, which may be estimated using the sample median or the Hodges-Lehmann-Sen estimator, which has good properties when the data arise from simple random sampling.

In a less comprehensive study, the International Data Corporation estimated that the total amount of digital data was 281 exabytes in 2007, and had for the first time exceeded the amount of storage.

Demand and supply relations in a market can be statistically estimated from price, quantity, and other data with sufficient information in the model.

Using data collected in the past decade, it is estimated there is 18-50 million skateboarders, 5-25 million surfers.

These compare the sex ratios from the census data to those estimated from natural values and mortality data.

The average emissivity of the earth is readily estimated from available data.

Using panel data estimates of export and import equations for 17 countries, Jakob B. Madsen ( 2002 ) estimated the effects of increasing tariff and non-tariff trade barriers on worldwide trade during the period 1929 – 1932.

It should contain a detailed and continuous account of all drugs, fluids, and blood products administered and procedures undertaken, and also includes the observation of cardiovascular responses, estimated blood loss, urine output and data from physiologic monitors ( see " Anesthetic monitoring " section above ) while a patient is under anesthesia.

Kroeber estimated U. S. Census data put the Chemehuevi population in 1910 as 355.