Nevertheless, in spite of Rutherford's estimation that gold had a central charge of about 100 ( but was element Z = 79 on the periodic table ), a month after Rutherford's paper appeared, Antonius van den Broek first formally suggested that the central charge and number of electrons in an atom was exactly equal to its place in the periodic table ( also known as element number, atomic number, and symbolized Z ).

Their opinion about questions concerning chancery business was held in the highest estimation by all the Roman tribunals.

" It concluded, among other things, that Head Start programs designed to boost African-American IQ scores had failed, and that this was likely never to be remedied, largely because, in Jensen's estimation, 80 % of the variance in IQ in the population studied was the result of genetic factors and the remainder was due to environmental influences.

In his estimation, inoculation was neither a sympathy toward a wound or a disease, or an antipathy toward one, but the creation of one.

" The Ambassador's word choice, along with the estimation of the British Ambassador in Addis Ababa, makes quite clear the fact that the Eritrea aspiration was for Independence.

Bacon has been accused of servility, of dissimulation, of various base motives, and their filthy brood of base actions, all unworthy of his high birth, and incompatible with his great wisdom, and the estimation in which he was held by the noblest spirits of the age.

The Pearl Index is only accurate as a statistical estimation of per-year risk of pregnancy if the pregnancy rate in the study was very low.

This value was improved by 28 seconds in 1525 by Nicolaus Copernicus, who appealed to the estimation of Thabit ibn Qurra ( 826 – 901 ), which had an error of + 2 seconds.

During the 1970s the dual-beam technique was invented, permitting direct estimation of fish size in situ via its target strength.

When appointed, Putin was a relatively unknown politician, but he quickly established himself both in public opinion and in Yeltsin's estimation as a trusted head of government, largely due to the Second Chechen War.

Throughout 1917, Lenin argued that the Russian Provisional Government was unrepresentative of the proletariat ’ s interests because, in his estimation, they represented the “ dictatorship of the bourgeoisie ”.

Basil was born to peasant parents in late 811 ( or sometime in the 830s in the estimation of some scholars ) at Charioupolis in the Byzantine theme of Macedonia ( an administrative division corresponding to the area of Adrianople in Thrace ).

Thus, estimation of the length of the month was ensured to have relative accuracy of 1 part in millions.

Plutarch, who had the works of Cato before him, but was careless in dates, did not observe that the estimation of Livy would take back Cato's 17th year to 222, when there was not a Carthaginian in Italy, whereas the computation of Cicero would make the truth of Cato's statement in harmony with the date of Hannibal's first invasion.

The long prevalent estimation of Priscillian as a heretic and Manichaean rested upon Augustine, Turibius of Astorga, Leo the Great and Orosius ( who quotes a fragment of a letter of Priscillian's ), although at the Council of Toledo in 400, fifteen years after Priscillian's death, when his case was reviewed, the most serious charge that could be brought was the error of language involved in a misrendering of the word innascibilis (" unbegettable ").

The force was sufficient, in Chard's estimation, to fend off the Zulus.

What is most impressive in his plan is wide central area, which was kept unsettled according to his macro-scale urban prediction / estimation and in time evolved to the “ agora ”, the center of both the city and the society.

Simultaneous estimation of divergence time and replacement rate was studied by Kruskal, Dyen and Black.

The failure to notice this factor was a major reason in Swadesh's original estimation of the replacement rate at under 14 words from the 100-wordlist per millennium, when the real rate is, in fact, much slower ( around 5 or 6 ).

Graph of cosmic microwave background spectrum measured by the FIRAS instrument on the Cosmic Background Explorer | COBE, the most-precisely measured black body spectrum in nature, the standard error of estimation | error bars are too small to be seen even in enlarged image, and it is impossible to distinguish the observed data from the theoretical curve

Other circuits can only be analyzed with specialized software programs or estimation techniques such as the piecewise-linear model.

The necessary data are available for almost all elements, and this method allows the estimation of electronegativities for elements which cannot be treated by the other methods, e. g. francium, which has an Allen electronegativity of 0. 67.

In these problems the estimates are functions that can be thought of as point estimates in an infinite dimensional space, and there are corresponding interval estimation problems.

Precipitation can be measured in various ways: disdrometer foprecipitation characteristics at a fine time scale ; radar for cloud properties, rain rate estimation, hail and snow detection ; Rain gauge for routine accurate measuremnts of rain and snowfall ; satellite-rainy area identification, rain rate estimation, land-cover / land-use, soil moisture.

There are numerous algorithms available for training neural network models ; most of them can be viewed as a straightforward application of optimization theory and statistical estimation.

Any use of nonprobability sampling methods ( e. g., cut-off or model-based samples ) must be justified statistically and be able to measure estimation error.

The local population of grey seal is slightly increasing Ringed seals can also be encountered everywhere in the coastal waters of Saaremaa, but because of their timidity it has not been possible to make an estimation of their number.

This can be done with simultaneous-equation methods of estimation in econometrics.

It would be absurd that while, in estimating all other things, quality is considered as well as quantity, the estimation of pleasures should be supposed to depend on quantity alone .”

A benefit of dendrochronology is that it makes available specimens of once-living material accurately dated to a specific year to be used as a calibration and check of radiocarbon dating, through the estimation of a date range formed through the interception of radiocarbon ( B. P., or < nowiki >'</ nowiki > B < nowiki >'</ nowiki > efore < nowiki >'</ nowiki > P < nowiki >'</ nowiki > resent, where present equals 1950-01-01 ) and calendar years.

( Their average position might be an accurate estimation of the bullseye, but the individual arrows are inaccurate.

Notwithstanding Eisenhower's estimation of Patton's abilities as a strategic planner, his overall view of Patton's military value in achieving Allied victory in Europe can best be seen in Eisenhower's refusal to even consider sending Patton home after the ' slapping incident ' of 1943.

Because the logarithm is a monotonically increasing function, the logarithm of a function achieves its maximum value at the same points as the function itself, and hence the log-likelihood can be used in place of the likelihood in maximum likelihood estimation and related techniques.

The central concept behind range encoding is this: given a large-enough range of integers, and a probability estimation for the symbols, the initial range can easily be divided into sub-ranges whose sizes are proportional to the probability of the symbol they represent.

The decoder must have the same probability estimation the encoder used, which can either be sent in advance, derived from already transferred data or be part of the compressor and decompressor.

It can also be used for lossy data correction and density estimation.

This can be used, for example, to compute the Cramér – Rao bound for parameter estimation in this setting.

Once the estimation is completed, the results are compared to other field references to detect the presence of an anomaly or unexpected situation, which may be related to a leak.

In 1841, an estimation of the extent of the kingdom was undertaken by John O ' Donovan and Eugene Curry " The principality of Thomond, generally called the Country of the Dal-Cais, comprised the entire of the present Co. of Clare, the Parishes of Iniscaltra and Clonrush in the County of Galway, the entire of Ely O ’ Carroll, the Baronies of Ikerrin, Upper and Lower Ormond, Owney and Arra, and somewhat more than the western half of the Barony of Clanwilliam in the County of Tipperary ; the Baronies of Owenybeg, Coonagh and Clanwilliam, and the eastern halves of the Baronies of Small County and Coshlea in the County of Limerick.

Theoretically you should obtain somewhat higher variance from the smaller datasets used for estimation, but the expectation of the coefficient values should be the same.

Although miglia is the Italian translation for miles, the modern mile was not standardized to be exactly 5, 280 feet until 1592, so the intended estimation is somewhat ambiguous.

A single convention can be somewhat standard throughout a single field that commonly use matrix calculus ( e. g. econometrics, statistics, estimation theory and machine learning ).