# Commonality — there must be one or more legal or factual claims common to the entire class ( in some cases, it must be shown that the common issues will predominate the proceedings over individual issues, such as the amount of damages due to a particular class member ),

Seddon claims that arguments for economy of scale are a mix of a ) the plausibly obvious and b ) a little hard data, brought together to produce two broad assertions, for which there is little hard factual evidence.

The marketer claims broad superior quality of its lubricant with no factual evidence.

** Quasi-realism, defended by Simon Blackburn, holds that ethical statements behave linguistically like factual claims and can be appropriately called " true " or " false ", even though there are no ethical facts for them to correspond to.

Among scientists, " correctness " ( of procedures, results, or scientific claims ) derives from the factual truth of the matter or the soundness of the reasoning by which it can be deduced from observations and first principles.

In contrast, Thucydides claims to confine himself to factual reports of contemporary political and military events, based on unambiguous, first-hand, eye-witness accounts, although, unlike Herodotus, he does not reveal his sources.

Although the court ordered more factual development before it could rule definitively on the issue, the court did hold that it was possible for the look and feel of the websites to have trade dress protection if the plaintiff ’ s copyright claims did not already cover those parts.

The management thinker and inventor of The Vanguard Method, Professor John Seddon claims that shared service projects based on attempts to achieve ' economies of scale ' are a mix of a ) the plausibly obvious and b ) a little hard data, brought together to produce two broad assertions, for which there is little hard factual evidence ..

Reviews of empirical research on NLP indicate that NLP contains numerous factual errors, and has failed to produce reliable results for the claims for effectiveness made by NLP ’ s originators and proponents.

Maddox goes on make such factual claims such as: Lumberjacks are raised by Cyclops, etc.

Reviewers took issue with Irving's factual claims as well as his conclusions.

However, courts typically have some power to sever claims and parties into separate actions if it is more efficient to do so, such as if there is not a sufficient overlap of factual issues between the various associates.

The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ( CSI ), formerly known as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal ( CSICOP ), is a program within the U. S. non-profit organization Center for Inquiry ( CFI ), whose stated purpose is to " encourage the critical investigation of paranormal and fringe-science claims from a responsible, scientific point of view and disseminate factual information about the results of such inquiries to the scientific community and the public.

In its capacity as a media-watchdog, CSI has “ mobilized thousands of scientists, academics and responsible communicators ” to criticize what it regards as “ media's most blatant excesses .” While much of this criticism has focused on factual TV programming or newspaper articles offering support for paranormal claims, CSI has also been critical of programs such as The X-Files and Buffy the Vampire Slayer, which its members believe portray skeptics and science in a bad light and help to promote belief in the paranormal.

The IIG investigates fringe science, paranormal and extraordinary claims from a rational, scientific viewpoint, and disseminates factual information about such inquiries to the public.

CSI's mission statement is to " encourage the critical investigation of paranormal and fringe-science claims from a responsible, scientific point of view and disseminate factual information about the results of such inquiries to the scientific community and the public.

Thus, Hustler magazine's parody of Jerry Falwell was deemed to be within the law, because the Court found that reasonable people would not have interpreted the parody to contain factual claims, leading to a reversal of the jury verdict in favor of Falwell, who had previously been awarded $ 150, 000 in damages by a lower court.

Williamson writes that Dennis Roark, former Dean of Faculty and chair of the physics department in the 1970s, was a " witness to routine suppression of negative data " and that Roark wrote in a 1987 letter that it was his " belief that the many scientific claims both to the factual evidence of unique, beneficial effects of T. M.

An example of a broadcast may include accusations of a celebrity or other individual committing a crime with no verifiable factual support or evidence of such claims.

RBS stated they would defend themselves vigorously against the claims made by Hamilton, but he dropped the case on 26 February 2009 after the small claims court refused to deal with it, citing the legal and factual complexity of the case, which would require trial in a higher court.

" Standing against all human highhandedness is the New Testament, " which claims that we can in no way free ourselves from our factual fallenness in the world but are freed from it only by an act of God ... the salvation occurrence that is realized in Christ.

* Bama Fact Check: An Alabama-based, statewide partnership of newsgathering organizations which checks factual claims by politicians and public figures in Alabama.

" McCaughey responded that her claims were accurate and factual because they came " straight from the text of the bill ".

Joking and talking may be freer and easier, but the important factual information is still lacking for far too many newly-married men and women.

It was published without claiming to be fictional, and many at the time of publication ( 1845 ), took it to be a factual account.

The factual historical validity of her theories has been disputed by many scholars, including historian Ronald Hutton.

As no contemporary accounts of Urban's pontificate exist there have been many legends and acts attributed to him which are fictitious or difficult to ascertain the factual nature of.

Noam Chomsky roundly criticized sociobiology and many of its proponents, saying " Even if we grant every factual conclusion for which some shred of evidence is claimed, nothing of interest follows, except on assumptions that reflect ideological fanaticism, not science.

In many reality TV programs, camera shooting and footage editing give the viewer the impression that they are passive observers following people going about their daily personal and professional activities ; this style of filming is often referred to as fly on the wall or factual television.

The screenplay, by Sidney Sheldon ( who also directed the film ), was vaguely based on his life, but contained many factual errors and merged his three wives into one character.

It incorporates a number of other factual elements such as the European-like appearance of many Nuristani people, and an ending modelled on the return of the head of the explorer Adolf Schlagintweit to colonial administrators.

Since Harun was intellectually, politically and militarily resourceful, his life and the court over which he held sway have been the subject of many tales: some are claimed to be factual but most are believed to be fictitious.

Suzanne Snider in The Believer, May 2003, reported that it " was filled with so many factual discrepancies that the transcript was made unavailable with this disclaimer: ' This segment has been deleted at the request of CBS News for legal or copyright reasons.

As in many cultures ' mythologies, Chinese mythology has in the past been believed to be, at least in part, a factual recording of history.

Pilger has received human rights and journalism awards, including the Richard Dimbleby Award for factual reporting at the 1990 BAFTA Awards, as well as many honorary doctorates.

Although factual journalism predominated, many of these works were interpretive, reflecting a high degree of individualism.

By the end of the 19th century the scholarly consensus was that the Pentateuch was the work of many authors writing from 1000 BCE ( the time of David ) to 500 BCE ( the time of Ezra ) and redacted c. 450, and as a consequence whatever history it contained was more often polemical than strictly factual – a conclusion reinforced by the then fresh scientific refutations of what were at the time widely classed as biblical mythologies, as discussed above.

Although their marriage didn't follow the whole protocol of official marriage, she received as many honours as the factual wife of Genji.

While many critics have tried to reconstruct the truth behind the shifting narratives, or to show that such a reconstruction cannot be done with certainty or even that there are factual and logical inconsistencies that cannot be overcome, some critics have stated that, fictional truth being an oxymoron, it is best to take the story as a given, and regard it on the level of myth and archetype, a fable that allows us to glimpse the deepest levels of the unconscious and thus better understand the people who accept ( and are ruled by ) that myth — Southerners in general and Quentin Compson in particular.

It's important to understand that though the Zulu Nation website for the American branch states that these beliefs represent the Zulu Nation of the " past millennium ," many Zulu Nation members and branches ( old and new ) still follow the 15 Beliefs as factual.

However, historically, many women died in childbirth, their husbands remarried, and the new stepmothers competed with the children of the first marriage for resources ; the tales can be interpreted as factual conflicts from history.

Both books contain many factual errors and typographical errors of names.

They had been wasting everyone's time, for the question was not a factual one, the many differences between municipal and international law being undeniable, but was simply one of conventional verbal usage, about which individual the ¬ orists could please themselves, but had no right to dictate to others.

Although this story seems fantastic on the surface, it very likely contains many factual elements.

While adhering to factual history in the general course of events, Luo Guanzhong exaggerated or sentimentalised many stories about Lü Bu, drawing inspirations from folklore and traditional operas.

It contains many factual errors and numerous extremely unlikely accounts of events that supposedly occurred.