One line of defense is to maintain that this is false, so that mathematical reasoning uses some special intuition that involves contact with the Platonic realm.

Stove alleged that by using weak or false ad hoc reasoning, these Ultra-Darwinists used evolutionary concepts to offer explanations that were not valid ( e. g., Stove suggested that sociobilogical explanation of altruism as an evolutionary feature was presented in such as way that the argument was effectively immune to any criticism.

In the mathematical model, reasoning about such data is done in two-valued predicate logic, meaning there are two possible evaluations for each proposition: either true or false ( and in particular no third value such as unknown, or not applicable, either of which are often associated with the concept of NULL ).

" In the New York Times newspaper, the journalist Christopher Lehmann-Haupt said that the critique of factor analysis " demonstrates persuasively how factor analysis led to the cardinal error in reasoning, of confusing correlation with cause, or, to put it another way, of attributing false concreteness to the abstract.

The reasoning in this argument is valid, because there is no way in which the premises, 1 and 2, could be true and the conclusion, 3, be false.

One line of defence is to maintain that this is false, so that mathematical reasoning uses some special intuition that involves contact with the Platonic realm.

statement is either true or false ) into the realm of reasoning in the

In cases of inductive reasoning, even though the premises are true and the argument is " valid ", it is possible for the conclusion to be false ( determined to be false with a counterexample or other means ).

It can be said that a very small error applied over a very large number of individuals ( that is, those who are * not affected * by the condition in the general population during their lifetime ; for example, over 95 %) produces a relevant, non-negligible number of subjects who are incorrectly classified as having the condition or any other condition which is the object of a survey study: these subjects are the so-called false positives ; such reasoning applies to the ' false positive ' but not the ' false negative ' problem where we have an error applied over a relatively very small number of individuals to begin with ( that is, those who are * affected * by the condition in the general population ; for example, less than 5 %).

She can either attempt to prove the truth of this statement using deductive reasoning, or if she suspects that her conjecture is false, she might attempt to find a counterexample.

I believe this reasoning to be totally false.

The proof forms a falsidical paradox ; it seems to show something manifestly false by valid reasoning, but in fact the reasoning is flawed.

Once again, a false view of what is involved in reasoning properly is refuted by showing that it leads to a false view of the nature of people.

With similar reasoning, the probability of a false negative is.

An example of this false reasoning follows:

The " no false premises " ( or " no false lemmas ") solution which was proposed early in the discussion, proved to be somewhat problematic, as more general Gettier-style problems were then constructed or contrived, in which the justified true belief does not seem to be the result of a chain of reasoning from a justified false belief.

Again, it seems as though Luke does not " know " that Mark is in the room, even though it is claimed he has a justified true belief that Mark is in the room, but it's not nearly so clear that the perceptual belief that " Mark is in the room " was inferred from any premises at all, let alone any false ones, nor led to significant conclusions on its own ; Luke didn't seem to be reasoning about anything ; " Mark is in the room " seems to have been part of what he seemed to see.

Conventional images of Jews have this in common with all perceptions of a configuration in which one feature is held constant: images can be both true and false.

the prolusion in which the autobiographic statement about the epithet occurs is such a mass of intentionally buried allusions that almost nothing in it can be accepted as true -- or discarded as false.

Although the false glamour surrounding bourbon or other whisky commercials is possibly no more fatuous than the pseudo-sophistication with which TV soft-drinks are downed or toothpaste applied, there is a sad difference between enticing a viewer into sipping Oopsie-Cola and gulling him into downing bourbon.

The probable answer is that it will do so just as long as Russia can exercise a veto in favor of chaos and until young African nations wake up to the truth that out of false pride they are visiting ruin on Central Africa.

Senator Mundt's gross distortion of President Eisenhower's conversation into a denunciation of President Kennedy as too left wing, a statement Mr. Eisenhower declared to be entirely false, is another case in point.

In addition, it is an important link in the plot, giving us a revealing glimpse of the people's attitude toward Boris and the false Dimitri.

It is false to be certain of having discovered in the language of Beowulf such effects as intentional irony.

Money, so important a theme elsewhere in Dickens, is here central, and hands are often associated in some way with the false values -- acquisitiveness, snobbery, self-interest, hypocrisy, toadyism, irresponsibility, injustice -- that attach to a society based upon the pursuit of wealth.

These cases, for all their rarity, are so dramatic that friends and relations repeat the story until the general population may get an entirely false notion of how often the hymen is a serious problem to newly-weds.

Thus, if what is at issue is whether `` All S is P '', it is indifferent whether `` Some S is not P '' or `` No S is P '', since in either case the judgment in question is false.

An argument of this form is invalid, i. e., the conclusion can be false even when statements 1 and 2 are true.

One way to demonstrate the invalidity of this argument form is with a counterexample with true premises but an obviously false conclusion.

The lawyer is an officer of the court and knows that a false swearing by him, if found out, could be grounds for severe penalty up to and including disbarment.

The debate is interesting enough, however, that it is considered of note when a theorem in ZFC ( ZF plus AC ) is logically equivalent ( with just the ZF axioms ) to the axiom of choice, and mathematicians look for results that require the axiom of choice to be false, though this type of deduction is less common than the type which requires the axiom of choice to be true.

Hence farmers were overexploiting their Enset reserves thereby causing gradual losses and disappearance of the false banana as an important household food security reserve.

* In The Battle for Wesnoth, an open source turn-based strategy game, players may advance their units as practitioners of the dark arts to the level of necromancer, thereby gaining " the terrible ability to awaken the dead with false life ", among other arcane powers.

These include crimes that involve financial institution fraud, computer and telecommunications fraud, false identification documents, access device fraud, advance fee fraud, electronic funds transfers and money laundering as it relates to the agency's core violations.

These comments had not been approved in advance by the NDP, but Schreyer's position was vindicated in 2001, when local PC organizer Heather Campbell-Dewar pleaded guilty to defaming Nevakshonoff's character and making a false or misleading statement to the police.

in which he stated that the opposition's claims of a stolen election were false, and that opposition leaders had conspired in advance to misrepresent the vote.

If significance testing is applied to hypotheses that are known to be false in advance, a non-significant result will simply reflect an insufficient sample size.

The middle plan was to spread false information that Liu Bei was returning to Jing Province, then lure Liu Zhang's generals Yang Huai and Gao Pei away from their positions, kill them and take over their castles and armies, and finally advance towards Chengdu.

The second inaugurates an age of simulacra and simulation, in which there is no longer any God to recognize his own, nor any last judgment to separate truth from false, the real from its artificial resurrection, since everything is already dead and risen in advance.

The Confederates were unaware, because of the earlier fog and the false report of a Union advance, that the Union troops were actually in retreat upon their arrival at Hanging Rocks.

In R v Halai Crim LR 624, CA, the defendant made false statements in an application for a mortgage and thereby obtained a survey, the opening of an account and a mortgage advance.