The slanting italic capital was first introduced by printers in Lyon and is now used in nearly all italic fonts.

If the object point be infinitely distant, all rays received by the first member of the system are parallel, and their intersections, after traversing the system, vary according to their perpendicular height of incidence, i. e. their distance from the axis.

Naming the central ray passing through the entrance pupil the axis of the pencil or principal ray, it can be said: the rays of the pencil intersect, not in one point, but in two focal lines, which can be assumed to be at right angles to the principal ray ; of these, one lies in the plane containing the principal ray and the axis of the system, i. e. in the first principal section or meridional section, and the other at right angles to it, i. e. in the second principal section or sagittal section.

This ray, named by Abbe a principal ray ( not to be confused with the principal rays of the Gaussian theory ), passes through the center of the entrance pupil before the first refraction, and the center of the exit pupil after the last refraction.

In a final, production quality rendering of a ray traced work, multiple rays are generally shot for each pixel, and traced not just to the first object of intersection, but rather, through a number of sequential ' bounces ', using the known laws of optics such as " angle of incidence equals angle of reflection " and more advanced laws that deal with refraction and surface roughness.

They were first observed in 1869 by German physicist Johann Hittorf, and were named in 1876 by Eugen Goldstein kathodenstrahlen, or cathode rays.

Electrons were first discovered as the constituents of cathode rays.

Cathode rays are invisible, but their presence was first detected in early vacuum tubes when they struck the glass wall of the tube, exciting the atoms of the glass and causing them to emit light, a glow called fluorescence.

In the mid-1970s the first calculators appeared with field-effect, Twisted Nematic TN LCDs with dark numerals against a grey background, though the early ones often had a yellow filter over them to cut out damaging ultraviolet rays.

He designed the first instruments used in satellites to measure cosmic radiation and ozone, and in 1951 or 1952 designed the MOUSE (" Minimal Orbital Unmanned Satellite, Earth "), a proposed satellite that would contain Geiger counters for measuring cosmic rays, photo cells for scanning the Earth, telemetry electronics for sending data back to Earth, a magnetic data storage device, and rudimentary solar energy cells.

Balloon ride-catching the first rays of the Sun at Masaai Mara

Plato first articulated the emission theory, the idea that visual perception is accomplished by rays emitted by the eyes.

‪ File: Roentgen2. jpg ‬‬| Wilhelm Röntgen ( 1845-1923 ): produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range of X-rays or Röntgen rays in 1895, for which he earned the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901, namesake of element 111, Roentgenium ‬‬‬‬

It may at first seem counterintuitive or " backwards " to send rays away from the camera, rather than into it ( as actual light does in reality ), but doing so is many orders of magnitude more efficient.

Islamic science gave the first exemplar of a mathematical realist theory with Alhazen's Book of Optics in which physical light rays traveled along mathematical straight lines.

At the beginning of the 11th Century, the Arabic scientist Alhazen wrote the first comprehensive treatise on optics ; describing refraction, reflection, and the operation of a pinhole lens via rays of light traveling from the point of emission to the eye.

The connection between cosmic rays and supernovas was first suggested by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1934.

Coelacanths (, adaptation of Modern Latin Cœlacanthus " hollow spine ", from Greek κοῖλ-ος koilos " hollow " + ἄκανθ-α akantha " spine ", referring to the hollow caudal fin rays of the first fossil specimen described and named by Louis Agassiz in 1839 ) are members of an order of fish that includes the oldest known living lineage of Sarcopterygii ( lobe-finned fish and tetrapods ).

Measurements of the energy and arrival directions of the ultra-high energy primary cosmic rays by the techniques of " density sampling " and " fast timing " of extensive air showers were first carried out in 1954 by members of the Rossi Cosmic Ray Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Clark et al., Phys.

The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, a German, " in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays ( or x-rays ).

Antiprotons have been detected in cosmic rays for over 25 years, first by balloon-borne experiments and more recently by satellite-based detectors.

Radiography started in 1895 with the discovery of X-rays, also referred to as Röntgen rays after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen who first described their properties in rigorous detail.

The Exhibit Gallery also features a solstice window that focuses the first rays of the summer solstice sun, casting a spiral image on the gallery wall.

The theory regarding these objects was proposed by Robert Duncan and Christopher Thompson in 1992, but the first recorded burst of gamma rays thought to have been from a magnetar was detected on March 5, 1979.

Mathematics was even less applied, nothing more than elementary calculus ... Advanced mathematics had no role in that science ..." His first work described the present climate on Earth and how the Sun ’ s rays determine the temperature on Earth ’ s surface after passing through the atmosphere.

Two of the new hands, a Mexican named Jose Amado and a kid known only as Laredo, were picked for the first trick of riding night herd.

School began in August, the hottest part of the year, and for the first few days Miss Langford was very lenient with the children, letting them play a lot and the new ones sort of get acquainted with one another.

At first glance this appears strange: of all people, was not America founded by rugged individualists who established a new way of life still inspiring `` undeveloped '' societies abroad??

In the next few months of comparative silence, Pike waited patiently until conditions were perfect for a new attack, and then, displaying a remarkable grasp of the subtleties of political infighting, gained from his first bout with Woodruff, he used these changed conditions to excellent advantage.

With destructive tensions and pressures removed men have the vigor and energy to construct a new human life -- rebuilding entire cities, expanding facilities for entertainment, providing unlimited opportunities for education -- indeed, for the first time giving everyone the chance to employ his talents to the fullest.

This involves a shift in Patchen's attitude and it is a first step toward writing a new jazz poetry.

As the mother of an autistic child who is lacking in interest and enthusiasm about almost anything, I have to manipulate my son's fingers for him when he first plays with a new toy.

The 350th anniversary of the King James Bible is being celebrated simultaneously with the publishing today of the New Testament, the first part of the New English Bible, undertaken as a new translation of the Scriptures into contemporary English.

For the most part, however, the new version is contemporary and, as such, should be the means for many to attain a clearer comprehension of the meaning of those words recorded so many hundreds of years ago by the first followers of Christ.

In the first place, a large part of the discrepancy between President Eisenhower's estimate of a 1.5 billion dollar surplus for the same period and the new estimate of an almost seven billion dollar deficit is the result of the outgoing President's farewell gift of a political booby-trap to his successor.

All these emotions were screwed up to new heights when, after acceptance and the first rehearsals, there ensued such a buzz of excitement among Parisian music lovers that Duclos had to come running to Rousseau to inform him that the news had reached the superintendent of the King's amusements, and that he was now demanding that the work be offered first at the royal summer palace of Fontainebleau.

The Pilgrims gathered to thank the Lord for His benevolence during their first year in the new land.

The first part of the new structure -- that for supporting the basic program of vocational rehabilitation services -- is described in this Section.

By 1853, the new partnership announced the precision vernier caliper as the first fruit of their joint efforts.

And yet, despite some disappointment with the performance of this first year of the new decade, 1960 has been a good year in many ways, with many overall measures of business having reached new peaks for the year as a whole.

The exercise I shall discuss in this -- the first of a new series of articles on muscle definition-specialization of a particular body part -- is the One Leg Lunge.

The actual over-all cost, for the first month, will perhaps not be too much lower than the rental charges for the same period of time, but you will receive a new car.

After another two weeks, the first young emerge, four to eight small daughters that begin to play the role of worker bees, collecting pollen and nectar in the field and caring for the new young generation while the queen retires to a life of egg laying.

Feelings of a community of interest will have to be recreated -- in some of the new nations, indeed, they must be built for the first time -- on a new basis which looks toward the future and does not rely only on shared memories of the past.

In the first place the new doctrine brought a formal separation of international from municipal law, rejecting the earlier view that both were parts of a universal legal system.

Although it is not possible to sunder old and new in this era, I shall consider in the present chapter primarily the first decades of the eighth century and shall interpret them as an apogee of the first stage of Greek civilization.