A specimen of Proto-Sinaitic script, one of the earliest ( if not the very first ) phonemic scripts

In a famous passage that is often considered the first specimen of alternative history, Livy speculates on what would have been the outcome of a military showdown between Alexander the Great and the Roman Republic.

* Year collections: Rather than being satisfied with a single specimen of a type, a great many collectors collect type by year ; for example, one Memorial Lincoln Cent for every year from 1959 ( the year it was first minted ) to present.

* Immunology: An antibody is first prepared by having a fluorescent chemical group attached, and the sites ( e. g., on a microscopic specimen ) where the antibody has bound can be seen, and even quantified, by the fluorescence.

The generic name Okapia derives from the Lese Karo name o ' api, while the specific name ( johnstoni ) is in recognition of the explorer Harry Johnston, who organized the expedition that first acquired an okapi specimen for science from the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The first live specimen in Europe arrived in Antwerp in 1918.

The first Pterodactylus specimen was described by the Italian scientist Cosimo Alessandro Collini in 1784, based on a fossil skeleton unearthed from the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria.

Hermann sent Cuvier a letter containing his own interpretation of the specimen ( though he had not examined it personally ), which he believed to be a mammal, including the first known life restoration of a pterosaur.

This tiny specimen was that year described by von Soemmerring as Ornithocephalus brevirostris ( for its short snout, now understood to be a juvenile character ), and provided a restoration of the skeleton, the first one published for any pterosaur.

Georges Cuvier first suggested that pterosaurs were flying creatures in 1801, and coined the name " Ptero-dactyle " in 1809 for the specimen recovered in Germany.

The first p-n junction in silicon was observed by Russell Ohl about 1941, when a specimen was found to be light-sensitive, with a sharp boundary between p-type impurity at one end and n-type at the other.

The secondary electrons are first collected by attracting them towards an electrically biased grid at about + 400 V, and then further accelerated towards a phosphor or scintillator positively biased to about + 2, 000 V. The accelerated secondary electrons are now sufficiently energetic to cause the scintillator to emit flashes of light ( cathodoluminescence ), which are conducted to a photomultiplier outside the SEM column via a light pipe and a window in the wall of the specimen chamber.

For the first three years of clad production, in lieu of proof sets, specimen sets were specially sold as " Special Mint Sets " minted at the San Francisco mint in 1965, 1966, and 1967 ( Deep Cameo versions of these spectacular coins are highly valued because of their rarity ).

They were, upon the whole, from the black day when they first entered Europe, the one great anti-human specimen of humanity.

Other ichthyosaur remains had been discovered in years past at Lyme and elsewhere, but the specimen found by the Annings was the first to come to the attention of scientific circles in London.

In the 1980s it was determined that the first ichthyosaur specimen found by Joseph and Mary Anning was also a member of Temnodontosaurus platyodon.

The first specimen was dredged from the waters of what is now Indonesia in 1900.

The first specimen was collected in the 1970s, and later described in 1983.

As changes in temperature or pressure can also affect the displacement of the manometric fluid, a second respirometer identical to the first except with a dead specimen ( or something with the same mass as the specimen in place of the organism ) is sometimes set up.

Coelacanths (, adaptation of Modern Latin Cœlacanthus " hollow spine ", from Greek κοῖλ-ος koilos " hollow " + ἄκανθ-α akantha " spine ", referring to the hollow caudal fin rays of the first fossil specimen described and named by Louis Agassiz in 1839 ) are members of an order of fish that includes the oldest known living lineage of Sarcopterygii ( lobe-finned fish and tetrapods ).

The coelacanth has been nicknamed a “ living fossil ”, because it originally was known only through fossils, long before the first discovery of a live specimen.

More closely related to tetrapods than even the ray-finned fish, coelacanths were considered to be transitional species between fish and tetrapods until the first Latimeria specimen was found off the east coast of South Africa, off the Chalumna River ( now Tyolomnqa ) in 1938.

Only a photograph of the first specimen of this species was made at a local market by Arnaz and Mark Erdmann before it was bought by a shopper.

The fossil record of the coelacanth is unique because coelacanth fossils were found 100 years before the first live specimen was identified.

The first case recorded of the partial exemption of an abbot from episcopal control is that of Faustus, abbot of Lerins, at the council of Arles, AD 456 ; but the exorbitant claims and exactions of bishops, to which this repugnance to episcopal control is to be traced, far more than to the arrogance of abbots, rendered it increasingly frequent, and, in the 6th century, the practice of exempting religious houses partly or altogether from episcopal control, and making them responsible to the pope alone, received an impulse from Pope Gregory the Great.

The second division, based on bore diameter in relation to length, determines whether the fundamental tone or the first overtone is the lowest partial practically available to the player:

The second partial ( first overtone ) is the lowest note of each tubing length practical to play on half-tube instruments.

In July 2012, Cuba received its first American goods shipment in over 50 years, following the partial relaxation of the US embargo to permit humanitarian shipments.

In the first type, a nucleophile, an atom or molecule with an excess of electrons and thus a negative charge or partial charge, replaces another atom or part of the " substrate " molecule.

The Committee Against Investment in South Africa ( CAISA ) and numerous student groups including the Socialist Action Committee, the Black Student Organization and the Gay Students group joined together and succeeded in pressing for the first partial divestment of a U. S. university.

Intuitively, partial function application says " if you fix the first arguments of the function, you get a function of the remaining arguments ".

There is a wide array of power-ups, such as a backpack that increases the player character's ammunition-carrying capacity, armor, first aid kits to restore health, the berserk pack ( a dark first aid box that puts the character into berserk mode, allowing him to deal out rocket launcher-level damage with his fists and potentially splattering former humans and imps, as well as setting the user's health to 100 % if it were lower ), supernatural blue orbs ( named soul spheres in the manuals ) that boost the player character's health up to a maximum of 200 %, nightvision, computer maps ( which show every area of the level ), partial invisibility, and protective suits that allow the player to survive in toxic acids.

A partial solution to this is some programs ' ability to view the composite-order of elements ( such as images, effects, or other attributes ) with a visual diagram called a flowchart to nest compositions, or " comps ," directly into other compositions, thereby adding complexity to the render-order by first compositing layers in the beginning composition, then combining that resultant image with the layered images from the proceeding composition, and so on.

The Watt steam engine was the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure just above atmospheric to drive the piston helped by a partial vacuum.

Furthermore, each Riemannian metric is naturally associated with one particular kind of connection, the Levi-Civita connection, and this is, in fact, the connection that satisfies the equivalence principle and makes space locally Minkowskian ( that is, in suitable locally inertial coordinates, the metric is Minkowskian, and its first partial derivatives and the connection coefficients vanish ).

The first three of these rose to become rulers of principalities were vassals of the Byzantine Empire, maintaining a partial local autonomy from the Byzantine Empire.

If a complex function = is holomorphic, then u and v have first partial derivatives with respect to x and y, and satisfy the Cauchy – Riemann equations:

A simple converse is that if u and v have continuous first partial derivatives and satisfy the Cauchy – Riemann equations, then ƒ is holomorphic.

A more satisfying converse, which is much harder to prove, is the Looman – Menchoff theorem: if ƒ is continuous, u and v have first partial derivatives ( but not necessarily continuous ), and they satisfy the Cauchy – Riemann equations, then ƒ is holomorphic.

If one identifies C with R < sup > 2 </ sup >, then the holomorphic functions coincide with those functions of two real variables with continuous first derivatives which solve the Cauchy-Riemann equations, a set of two partial differential equations.

The first partial face transplant was performed in 2005, and the first full one in 2010.

It is plain that the innovator in these examples becomes a partial owner of the tangible property ( e. g., land and logs ) of others, due not to first occupation and use of that property ( for it is already owned ), but due to his coming up with an idea.

Paul Maier states that the first case is generally seen as hopeless, given that a Jew, Josephus would not have claimed Jesus as the Messiah, and that the second option is hardly tenable given the presence of the reference in all Greek manuscripts ; thus a large majority of modern scholars accept the third alternative, i. e. partial authenticity.

One way of expressing the Lie bracket is through the formalism of Lie derivatives, which identifies a vector field X with a first order partial differential operator L < sub > X </ sub > acting on smooth functions by letting L < sub > X </ sub >( f ) be the directional derivative of the function f in the direction of X.

In fact, his interest in the geometry of differential equations was first motivated by the work of Carl Gustav Jacobi, on the theory of partial differential equations of first order and on the equations of classical mechanics.

His subsequent total anterograde amnesia and partial retrograde amnesia provided the first evidence for the localization of memory function, and further clarified the differences between declarative and procedural memory.