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The fitness of a particular genotype corresponds to the average effect on all individuals with that genotype.
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fitness and particular
Breach of warranty-based product liability claims usually focus on one of three types: ( 1 ) breach of an express warranty, ( 2 ) breach of an implied warranty of merchantability, and ( 3 ) breach of an implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose.
In a quasispecies, however, mutations are ubiquitous and so the fitness of an individual genotype becomes meaningless: if one particular mutation generates a boost in reproductive success, it can't amount to much because that genotype's offspring are unlikely to be accurate copies with the same properties.
In particular it is difficult to understand why these algorithms frequently succeed at generating solutions of high fitness when applied to practical problems.
An organism is expected to evolve to maximize its inclusive fitness — the number of copies of its genes passed on globally ( rather than by a particular individual ).
If the first human infant with a gene for levitation were struck by lightning in its pram, this would not prove the new genotype to have low fitness, but only that the particular child was unlucky.
Relative fitness is quantified as the average number of surviving progeny of a particular genotype compared with average number of surviving progeny of competing genotypes after a single generation, i. e. one genotype is normalized at and the fitnesses of other genotypes are measured with respect to that genotype.
Where a rider lacks the fitness required to ride a particular class of trail, they may become fatigued, putting themselves at a higher risk of having an accident.
Population genetics describes natural selection by defining fitness as a propensity or probability of survival and reproduction in a particular environment.
The Cooper and multi-stage fitness tests can also be used to assess functional aerobic capacity for particular jobs or activities.
Since 2005 there has been interest in using the performance offered by GPUs for evolutionary computation in general, and for accelerating the fitness evaluation in genetic programming in particular.
A fitness function is a particular type of objective function that is used to summarise, as a single figure of merit, how close a given design solution is to achieving the set aims.
Maynard Smith suggested that homozygous individuals may, under particular environmental conditions, have a greater fitness than those with alleles heterozygous for a certain trait.
The relative proportions of the morphs may vary ; the actual values are determined by the effective fitness of the morphs at a particular time and place.
* Frequency dependent selection: The fitness of a particular phenotype is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population.
In heterozygote advantage, or heterotic balancing selection, an individual who is heterozygous at a particular gene locus has a greater fitness than a homozygous individual.
Matthew Hayden credited retirement from international cricket with aiding his performance in general and fitness in particular in the IPL.
The replicator equation differs from other equations used to model replication, such as the quasispecies equation, in that it allows the fitness landscape to incorporate the distribution of the population types rather than setting the fitness of a particular type constant.
The warranty of fitness for a particular purpose is implied when a buyer relies upon the seller to select the goods to fit a specific request.
It also covers the extent to which sellers may disclaim certain types of warranties ( e. g., warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose ), or even disclaim all warranties in the case of goods sold " as is.
Usually human evaluation is necessary when the form of fitness function is not known ( for example, visual appeal or attractiveness ; as in Dawkins, 1986 ) or the result of optimization should fit a particular user preference ( for example, taste of coffee or color set of the user interface ).
Because a silhouette emphasises the outline, the word has also been used in the fields of fashion and fitness to describe the shape of a person's body or the shape created by wearing clothing of a particular style or period.
A product's fitness for a particular security application depends on how well the features listed in the product's Security Target fulfill the application's security requirements.
An alternative to the use of evolutionary computation in robot learning is the use of other forms of reinforcement learning, such as q-learning, to learn the fitness of any particular action, and then use predicted fitness values indirectly to create a controller.
fitness and genotype
) Evolutionarily, we are interested in the behavior and fitness of that one species or genotype over time.
When the fitness of a single genotype becomes meaningless because of the high rate of mutations, the cloud as a whole or quasispecies becomes the natural unit of selection.
When a new phenotype with higher fitness occurs, its genotype sweeps through the population to fixation, and genetic diversity is reduced during a selectionist regime.
However, since the fitness of the genotype is an averaged quantity, it will reflect the reproductive outcomes of all individuals with that genotype in a given environment or set of environments.
Absolute fitness () of a genotype is defined as the ratio between the number of individuals with that genotype after selection to those before selection.
When the fitness is larger than 1. 0, the genotype increases in frequency ; a ratio smaller than 1. 0 indicates a decrease in frequency.
Absolute fitness for a genotype can also be calculated as the product of the proportion surviving multiplied by the average fecundity.
The two concepts are related, as can be seen by dividing each by the mean fitness, which is weighted by genotype frequencies.
Genetic load measures the average fitness of a population of individuals, relative to a hypothetical population in which the most fit genotype has become fixed.
If there are a number of genotypes in a population, each with its characteristic fitness ; the genotype with the highest fitness is called W < sub > opt </ sub >.
The average fitness of the whole population is the fitness of each genotype multiplied by its frequency: this is called mean fitness.
If all but one have a genotype of zero fitness then v
It is assumed that every genotype has a well-defined replication rate ( often referred to as fitness ).
fitness and corresponds
The concept of a scalar valued fitness function f ( s ) also corresponds to the concept of a potential or energy function in physics.
The position of the agent corresponds to a solution of the problem, and its mass is determined using a fitness function.
The weight corresponds to the biological notion of fitness where fitter types propagate more readily.
fitness and average
Every single instance of altruistic behavior need not always increase inclusive fitness ; altruistic behaviors would have been selected for if such behaviors on average increased inclusive fitness in the ancestral environment.
Though natural selection acts on individuals, the effects of chance mean that fitness can only really be defined " on average " for the individuals within a population.
Although both mutation rates and average fitness effects of mutations are dependent on the organism, estimates from data in humans have found that a majority of mutations are slightly deleterious.
As a result, alleles that on average result in greater fitness become more abundant in the next generation, while alleles that in general reduce fitness become rarer.
Although walking speeds can vary greatly depending on factors such as height, weight, age, terrain, surface, load, culture, effort, and fitness, the average human walking speed is about 5. 0 kilometres per hour ( km / h ), or about 3. 1 miles per hour ( mph ).
Generally the average fitness will have increased by this procedure for the population, since only the best organisms from the first generation are selected for breeding, along with a small proportion of less fit solutions, for reasons already mentioned above.
# A description of a heuristic that performs adaptation by identifying and recombining " building blocks ", i. e. low order, low defining-length schemata with above average fitness.
NA is also good at climbing sharp crests by adaptation of the moment matrix, because NA may maximise the disorder ( average information ) of the Gaussian simultaneously keeping the mean fitness constant.
They all compared favourably with average fitness levels for women in their age range, but the Scottish country dancers were shown to have more agility, stronger legs and to be able to walk more briskly than people who took part in other forms of exercise.
Allow 8-10 hours for the South East Ridge return South Ridge route with an above average degree of civilian fitness and carrying an 6-8kg day pack.
The walk will take an average walker roughly 12 days to complete, although this can vary depending on individual fitness, attitude, the weather, age and experience.
Used for maximization of manufacturing yield, mean fitness or average information.
In the first models of natural selection devised in the early 20th century, each gene was considered to make its own characteristic contribution to fitness, against an average background of other genes.
However, for forty years it was misunderstood, it being read as saying that the average fitness of a population would always increase, and models showed this not to be the case.
Many did so, especially in Belfast, where during the first month of recruiting, only 36 Specials applied to join the UDR compared to a national average of 29 %-2, 424, one thousand of whom were rejected, mainly on the grounds of age and fitness.
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