The basic difference between the continuous cutting mechanism and that of the chipping mechanism is that instead of shear occurring in the coating ahead of the knife continuously without fracture, rupture intermittently occurs along the shear plane.

Cohesive fracture is obtained if a crack propagates in the bulk polymer which constitutes the adhesive.

The interfacial character of a fracture surface is usually to identify the precise location of the crack path in the interphase.

This is typically the mode for which the adhesive exhibits the highest resistance to fracture.

After a fracture, woven bone forms initially and is gradually replaced by lamellar bone during a process known as " bony substitution.

Osteoporosis is a disease of bone, leading to an increased risk of fracture.

Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) in women as a bone mineral density 2. 5 standard deviations below peak bone mass ( 20-year-old sex-matched healthy person average ) as measured by DEXA ; the term " established osteoporosis " includes the presence of a fragility fracture.

The specimen is returned to room temperature and pressure, then the extremely fragile " pre-shadowed " metal replica of the fracture surface is released from the underlying biological material by careful chemical digestion with acids, hypochlorite solution or SDS detergent.

Tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane.

Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth or is converted into heat generated by friction.

Rupture propagation is generally modeled using a fracture mechanics approach, likening the rupture to a propagating mixed mode shear crack.

The rupture velocity is a function of the fracture energy in the volume around the crack tip, increasing with decreasing fracture energy.

Nowadays fracture propagation is the mechanism preferred by many geologists as it largely eliminates the major problems of moving a huge mass of magma through cold brittle crust.

The rib fracture may also have occurred after death, perhaps during the discovery of the body, but is included in some narratives of Lindow Man's death.

When the planes of an ionic bond slide past one another, the resultant change in location shifts ions of the same charge into close proximity, resulting in the cleavage of the crystal ; such shift is not observed in covalently bonded crystals where fracture and crystal fragmentation occurs.

The classic example is conchoidal fracture, like that of quartz ; rounded surfaces are created, which are marked by smooth curved lines.

Tenacity is related to both cleavage and fracture.

Whereas fracture and cleavage describes the surfaces that are created when a mineral is broken, tenacity describes how resistant a mineral is to such breaking.

Osteoporosis (" porous bones ", from Greek: οστούν / ostoun meaning " bone " and πόρος / poros meaning " pore ") is a disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture.

Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) as a bone mineral density that is 2. 5 standard deviations or more below the mean peak bone mass ( average of young, healthy adults ) as measured by DXA ; the term " established osteoporosis " includes the presence of a fragility fracture.

In most cases, the occurrence of interfacial fracture for a given adhesive goes along with a smaller fracture toughness.

Mixed fracture surfaces can be characterised by a certain percentage of adhesive and cohesive areas.

This type of fracture appears in the presence of tensile pre-stresses in the adhesive layer.

For most adhesive joints, this can be achieved using fracture mechanics.

If failure does occur at an interface containing a viscoelastic adhesive agent, and a crack does propagate, it happens by a gradual process called “ fingering ”, rather than a rapid, brittle fracture.

Characteristics observed under the microscope include colour, colour variation under plane polarised light ( pleochroism, produced by the lower Nicol prism, or more recently polarising films ), fracture characteristics of the grains, refractive index ( in comparison to the mounting adhesive, typically Canada Balsam ), and optical symmetry ( birefringent or isotropic ).

Ultrasound can also reveal the presence of other conditions that may mimic rotator cuff tear at clinical examination, including tendinosis, calcific tendinitis, subacromial subdeltoid bursitis, greater tuberosity fracture, and adhesive capsulitis.

Arguments against using all-ceramic restorations include a greater chance of fracture, when little to no enamel remains for proper adhesive bonding, or potentially when the patient clenches or grinds their teeth (" bruxes ") excessively.

* A compound fracture occurs when the edges of a broken bone puncture the skin.

The cause of death was a skull fracture suffered when he fell from his horse while returning from a visit to John and his brother George at school.

Vertebral height measurements can objectively be made using plain-film x-rays by using several methods such as height loss together with area reduction, particularly when looking at vertical deformity in T4-L4, or by determining a spinal fracture index that takes into account the number of vertebrae involved.

Most bisphosphonates are effective in preventing fracture of the vertebra, non-vertebral bones and hips when taken for three to four years.

Garnets do not show cleavage, so when they fracture under stress, sharp irregular pieces are formed.

A month later, Pipp received a skull fracture when he was hit by a practice pitch from Charlie Caldwell, an event that had also been mistakenly linked to his initial benching.

In this kind of fracture, a cone of force propagates through the material from the point of impact, eventually removing a full or partial cone ; this result is familiar to anyone who has seen what happens to a plate-glass window when struck by a small object, such as an airgun projectile.

Nu metal group Five Finger Death Punch had an incident when, during the last song of a concert, a young man received a compound fracture on his ankle in a mosh pit.

Death from a " hangman's fracture " occurs mainly when the applied force is severe enough to also cause a severe subluxation of the C2 and C3 vertebra that crushes the spinal cord and / or disrupts the vertebral arteries.

Since faults do not usually consist of a single, clean fracture, geologists use the term fault zone when referring to the zone of complex deformation associated with the fault plane.

A femoral fracture that involves the femoral head, femoral neck or the shaft of the femur immediately below the lesser trochanter may be classified as a hip fracture, especially when associated with osteoporosis.

The hobby cost her a broken arm, at Skatopia in Ohio, when she fell on a metal ramp ; the fracture forced her to quit her job ( and her boyfriend left her ).

In March 1974, he suffered a setback when he sustained a double fracture of his left arm in a match at OGC Nice.

According to Blackman one of the tools to diagnose compartment syndrome is X-ray to show a tibia / fibula fracture, which when combined with numbness of the extremities is enough to confirm the presence of compartment syndrome.

However, even ductile metals will fracture when the strain becomes large enough-this is as a result of work hardening of the material, which causes it to become brittle.

West Thumb was created approximately 162, 000 years ago when a magma chamber bulged up under the surface of the earth and subsequently cracked it along ring fracture zones.

Many people have refused to believe that George Reeves would kill himself and have pointed out that no gunpowder from the gun's discharge was found on the actor's skin, leading them to believe that the weapon would therefore have to have been held several inches away from his head upon firing ; however, forensic professionals say that gunpowder tattooing is left only when the weapon is not in contact with the skin while Reeves ' skull fracture pattern shows that it was a contact wound.

His strength and high threshold for pain became legendary — best illustrated when in a game against Eastern Transvaal in South Africa, in which he emerged from a particularly vicious ruck with his arm dangling horribly, with an obvious fracture, yet completed the match.

During this time, on April 26, 1976, Sammartino suffered a neck fracture in a match against Stan Hansen at Madison Square Garden, when Hansen improperly executed a body slam and dropped Sammartino on his head.

One difference between the genera Gambelia and Crotaphytus is that species of the former have fracture planes in their tails, allowing the tails to break off when grasped by predators.

Structural failure is initiated when the material is stressed to its strength limit, thus causing fracture or excessive deformations.

This ability withholds the high pressure and energy density in the contact zone and decreases the amount of energy or friction force needed for further advancement when the sliding continues and partly explain the difference between the static and sliding coefficient of friction ( μ ) if the main fracture mechanisms are equal to the previous.