Turbocharging can improve the fuel economy of diesel engines by recovering waste heat from the exhaust, increasing the excess air factor, and increasing the ratio of engine output to friction losses.

This technology increases both performance and fuel economy.

The 1970s and ' 80s saw an increased interest in improved fuel economy which brought in a return to smaller V-6 and four-cylinder layouts, with as many as five valves per cylinder to improve efficiency.

The pre-2003 smuggling trade provided undocumented jobs to tens of thousands of Afghans and Pakistanis, but also helped fuel the black economy, often intertwined with the drug cartels, of both countries.

In the 1970s, turbofans replaced turbojets, improving fuel economy sufficiently that the last piston engined support aircraft could be replaced with jets, and making multi-role combat aircraft possible.

The imperial gallon is used in everyday life ( and in advertising ) in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and less frequently in Canada, including alongside litres per 100 km in advertisements and other official publications for expressing fuel economy figures in miles per gallon.

; Poor fuel economy: Even compared to other heavy passenger vehicles, Hummers without the Diesel engine options have very poor fuel economy.

Because the H2 is built to the over-8500-lb GVW class, its fuel economy is neither published by the U. S. EPA nor counted toward Corporate Average Fuel Economy.

When considering fuel economy in automobiles two measures are commonly used – miles per gallon ( mpg ), and litres per 100 km.

As the dimensions of these quantities are the inverse of each other ( one is distance per volume, the other volume per distance ) when taking the mean value of the fuel-economy of a range of cars one measure will produce the harmonic mean of the other – i. e. converting the mean value of fuel economy expressed in litres per 100 km to miles per gallon will produce the harmonic mean of the fuel economy expressed in miles-per-gallon.

It has a market economy in which the government plays a significant role by owning more than 164 enterprises and administers prices on several basic goods, including fuel, rice, and electricity.

Engine fuel economy is usually measured in the units of miles per gallon ( or fuel consumption in liters per 100 kilometers ) for automobiles.

Sometimes economy also plays a role in not only the cost of manufacturing the engine itself, but also manufacturing and distributing the fuel.

Increasing the engine's efficiency brings better fuel economy but only if the fuel cost per energy content is the same.

* Space propulsion systems with much better fuel economy.

A recent success towards greater fuel economy was the introduction of mass-produced Hybrid vehicles.

Some 500, 000 motorcycles were estimated to be operating in Mali in 2009, with two thirds of them inexpensive Chinese made cycles, known locally as " Jakarta " s, which boast better fuel economy but fewer safety features than more expensive Japanese or Western brands.

The impact of technological factors is also illustrated by the history of the high-energy fuel program.

In addition to its major effort on fuel cells, Patterson Moos Research Division is continuing to carry on research in other fields, both under contract for the Defense Department, other government agencies and for our own account.

The fact is that removing and leaving out a thermostat from any water cooled vehicle, will greatly increase the fuel consumption, reduce power and contribute to spark plug fouling due to an accumulation of excessive carbon deposits on the insulators.

Hurricane Carla damaged 70% of the marinas in the Galveston-Port Aransas area but fuel service is back to normal, and explorers can roam as far west as Port Isabel on the Mexican border.

Most americium is produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors – one tonne of spent nuclear fuel contains about 100 grams of americium.

It is a clear flammable liquid that boils at 78. 4 ° C, which is used as an industrial solvent, car fuel, and raw material in the chemical industry.

It is a clear liquid resembling ethanol in smell and properties, with a slightly lower boiling point ( 64. 7 ° C ), and is used mainly as a solvent, fuel, and raw material.

The vast majority of energy is produced with imported fuel, including gas and nuclear fuel ( for its one nuclear power plant ) from Russia ; the main domestic energy source is hydroelectric.

Pytheas says that the Gutones, a people of Germany, inhabit the shores of an estuary of the Ocean called Mentonomon, their territory extending a distance of six thousand stadia ; that, at one day's sail from this territory, is the Isle of Abalus, upon the shores of which, amber is thrown up by the waves in spring, it being an excretion of the sea in a concrete form ; as, also, that the inhabitants use this amber by way of fuel, and sell it to their neighbors, the Teutones.

It can cross comparatively rough terrain at high speeds, but is fuel, maintenance, and ammunition-hungry which makes it logistically demanding.

Commercially, the dominant alkyne is acetylene itself, which is used as a fuel and a precursor to other compounds, e. g., acrylates.

Well-funded groups like Canada's Ballard Power Systems are also working to develop a " regenerative fuel cell ", a device that can generate hydrogen and oxygen when power is available, and combine these efficiently when power is needed.

Tracks in very sandy or exceedingly rocky areas may require high-clearance four wheel drives and spare fuel, tyres, food and water before attempting to travel them, however most outback roads are easily traversed in ordinary vehicles, provided care is taken.

The Navy also has some fuel shortage problems, but military training is still effective.

Currently there is interest in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, electric buses and ones powered by compressed natural gas or bio-diesel.

Another property of anthrax that helped fuel its use as a biological weapon is its poor ability to spread far beyond the targeted population.

Rising demand for biofuels is expected to be good news for the biotechnology sector, with the Department of Energy estimating ethanol usage could reduce U. S. petroleum-derived fuel consumption by up to 30 % by 2030.

In the remotest parts of Australia fuel sellers are located hundreds of kilometres apart, so spare fuel must be carried or refuelling spots calculated carefully in order not to run out of fuel in between towns.

Prior to 1984 the EPA reported the exact fuel economy figures calculated from the test.

In practice, this energy may also be calculated from the substantial mass differences between the fuel and products, which uses previous measurement of the atomic masses of known nuclides, which always have the same mass for each species.

For the trip to Edmonton, the pilot calculated a fuel requirement of.

For example, Ivan Illich calculated that, in America in the 1970s, if you add the time spent to work to earn the money to buy a car, the time spent in the car ( including traffic jam ), the time spent in the health care industry because of a car crash, the time spent in the oil industry to fuel cars ... etc., and you divide the number of kilometres traveled per year by that, you obtain the following calculation: 10000 km per year per person divided by 1600 hours per year per American equals 6 km per hour.

The fuel flow rate is calculated as the product of the drag or power required and the engine specific fuel consumption.

A journey on a road can be considered as having an associated cost or price ( the generalised cost, g ) which includes the out-of-pocket cost ( e. g. fuel costs and tolls ) and the opportunity cost of the time spent travelling, which is usually calculated as the product of travel time and the value of travellers ' time.

The FADECs now apply the calculated takeoff thrust setting by sending an electronic signal to the engines ; there is no direct linkage to open fuel flow.

The electric efficiency of a combined cycle power station, calculated as electric energy produced as a percent of the lower heating value of the fuel consumed, may be as high as 58 percent when operating new, i. e. unaged, and at continuous output which are ideal conditions.

The ignition delay of the fuel can then be calculated as the time difference between the start of fuel injection and the start of combustion.

The ignition delay of the fuel can then be calculated as the time different between the start of fuel injection and the start of combustion.

Another method that fuel-users control quality is by using the Cetane index ( CI ), which is a calculated number based on the density and distillation range of the fuel.

Average fuel consumption, calculated by combining fuel consumption during operation on electric power from grid charge and fuel consumption during hybrid operation after depletion of the battery pack is 37. 6 km / L on the JC08 cycle ( 88. 4 mpg US, or 2. 7 L / 100 km ).

Although Citroën took a slow and calculated development path, including a two-year ' beta-program ' in which 267 Citroën M35 prototypes were tested exhaustively by selected customers, rising fuel prices in 1973 nullified market demand for the fuel-thirsty engine.

At the end of the course, the amount of fuel used is measured ; from that figure, fuel economy is calculated.

For instance, reserve fuel is often calculated as a percentage of trip fuel, but trip fuel can't be calculated until the total weight of the aircraft is known and this includes the weight of the reserve fuel.