In the field of the social sciences a considerable fund of tested knowledge has been accumulated that can be used to good advantage.

A second source of finance is national diasporas, which can fund rebellions and insurgencies from abroad.

These legal defense funds can have large membership counts where members contribute to the fund.

The vouchers can be used to fund a variety of education options outside the public school system.

CESG does not manufacture security equipment, but works with industry to ensure the availability of suitable products and services, while GCHQ itself can fund research into such areas, for example to the Centre for Quantum Computing at Oxford University and the Heilbronn Institute at the University of Bristol.

Monetary inflation can become hyperinflation if monetary authorities fail to fund increasing government expenses from taxes, government debt, cost cutting, or by other means, because either

A hedge fund is an investment fund that can undertake a wider range of investment and trading activities than other funds, but which is generally only open to certain types of investors specified by regulators.

The value of an investment in a hedge fund is calculated as a share of the fund's net asset value, meaning that increases and decreases in the value of the fund's investment assets ( and fund expenses ) are directly reflected in the amount an investor can later withdraw.

Most hedge fund managers are remunerated much less, however, and the competitiveness of the industry, along with the structure of financial incentives, means that failure can lead to not getting paid.

The amount of diversification within the fund can vary ; funds may be multi-strategy, multi-fund, multi-market, multi-manager or a combination.

These strategies can also be divided into trend or counter-trend approaches depending on whether the fund attempts to profit from following trends ( long or short-term ) or attempts to anticipate and profit from reversals in trends.

Computer models can be used, or fund managers will identify and select investments.

Hedge fund managers can use various types of analysis to identify price discrepancies in securities, including mathematical, technical or fundamental techniques.

Valuation risk refers to the concern that the net asset value of investments may be inaccurate ; capacity risk can arise from placing too much money into one particular strategy, which may lead to fund performance deterioration ; and concentration risk may arise if a fund has too much exposure to a particular investment, sector, trading strategy, or group of correlated funds.

Although under Section 3 ( c ) 7 a fund can have an unlimited number of investors, if a fund has any class of equity securities owned by more than 499 investors, it must register its securities with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

All hedge fund managers within the EU will also be subject to potential limitations on the amount of leverage they can use.

This makes the index investable, and in principle they can be as representative as the hedge fund database from which they were constructed.

As replication indices have a relatively short history it is not yet possible to know how reliable this process will be in practice, although initially indications are that much of hedge fund returns can be replicated in this manner without the problems of illiquidity, transparency and fraud that exist in direct hedge fund investments.

This can be done on a formal basis by establishing a separate fund into which funds are deposited on a periodic basis, or by simply forgoing the purchase of available insurance and paying out-of-pocket.

The expense ( operating ) budget is to be a program budget, and red tape is cut to allow greater autonomy ( with the Mayor approving ) in fund transfers within a department.

There are hereby created in the Treasury of the United States ( 1 ) a special fund to be known as the Yugoslav Claims Fund ; ;

and ( 2 ) such other special funds as may, in the discretion of the Secretary of the Treasury, be required each to be a claims fund to be known by the name of the foreign government which has entered into a settlement agreement with the Government of the United States as described in subsection ( A ) of Section 4 of this Title.

There shall be covered into the Treasury to the credit of the proper special fund all funds hereinafter specified.

All payments authorized under Section 7 of this Title shall be disbursed from the proper fund, as the case may be, and all amounts covered into the Treasury to the credit of the aforesaid funds are hereby permanently appropriated for the making of the payments authorized by Section 7 of this Title.

Two millions were added to what had been set aside for it in Mrs. Meeker's lifetime, and the proviso made that as long as Brian Thayer continued to discharge his duties as administrator of the fund to the satisfaction of the board of trustees ( hereinafter appointed by the bank administering the estate ) he was to be retained in his present capacity at a salary commensurate with the increased responsibilities enlargement of the fund would entail.

The department apparently intends to make the Rural Roads Authority a revolving fund under which new bonds would be issued every time a portion of the old ones are paid off by tax authorities.

The other $15 million is to be alloted to municipalities on a matching fund basis.

Meanwhile, there appears to be enough money in the road's reserve fund to cover the interest deficiency for eight more years.

Fourth, in " limited fund " cases, a class action ensures that all plaintiffs receive relief and that early-filing plaintiffs do not raid the fund ( i. e., the defendant ) of all its assets before other plaintiffs may be compensated.

After the war Jews continued to be taxed in the Fiscus Judaicus, which was used to fund a temple to Jupiter.

Because hedge funds are not sold to the public or retail investors, the funds and their managers have historically not been subject to the same restrictions that govern other funds and investment fund managers with regard to how the fund may be structured and how strategies and techniques are employed.

A variety of measuring techniques and models may be used to calculate the risk incurred by a hedge fund's activities ; fund managers may use different models depending on their fund's structure and investment strategy.

A hedge fund that is an example of this type of arbitrage is Greenridge Capital, which acts as an angel investor retaining equity in private companies which are in the process of becoming publicly traded, buying in the private market and later selling in the public market.

The Toubon Law states that French is the language of public education, which means that Breton-language schools do not receive funding from the national government, though the Brittany Region may fund them.

Under non-voucher education systems, people who currently pay for private schooling are still taxed for public schools ; therefore, they fund both public and private schools simultaneously.

" Moreover, they suggest that if it is wrong in principle for the government to tax in order to fund public education, then one should not accept any portion of the ill-gotten money to fund private education.

Tax-credit scholarships which are in most part disbursed to current private school students or to families which made substantial donations to the scholarship fund, rather than to low-income students attempting to escape from failing schools, amount to nothing more than a mechanism to use public funds in the form of foregone taxes to support private, often religiously based, private schools.

" The Commission recommended legislative remedies consisting of an official Government apology and redress payments of $ 20, 000 to each of the survivors ; a public education fund was set up to help ensure that this would not happen again ( Public Law 100-383 ).

The fund created public works programs such as road maintenance and provided United States surplus food to mothers and infants.

A fund listing is distinct from the listing or initial public offering (" IPO ") of shares in an investment manager.

Also similar to other investors, hedge fund managers are subject to public disclosure if they own more than 5 % of the class of any registered equity security.

The institute would create The Jack F. Kemp Library to house Kemp's papers ; establish the Jack F. Kemp Distinguished Visiting Chair ; and fund annual public lectures and conferences at the School.

In modern China, the idea of using lotteries to fund a public institution was not accepted before the late 19th century.

From 2011 until 2013, the Victorian Government and the Melbourne Cricket Club will fund a $ 55 million refurbishment of the facilities of Great Southern Stand, including renovations to entrance gates and ticket outlets, food and beverage outlets, public concourses, toilets, function rooms, etc.

In April 2012, the Commonwealth's public pension fund declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy, because it was expected to run out of money in 2014.

This tribute was used to support a powerful fleet and, after the middle of the century, to fund massive public works programs in Athens, ensuring resentment.

Usher boards and Women's Day committees of various religious congregations large and small, and even public service and social welfare organizations such as the National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) have produced cookbooks to fund their operations and charitable enterprises.

Governments also use taxes to fund welfare and public services.

Social democrats generally favor higher levels of taxation to fund public provision of a wide range of services such as universal health care and education, as well as the provision of a range of welfare benefits.

He made a public statement that once he had built up his mother's trust fund, he intended to enlist.

In an effort to establish a university to serve Brighton, a public meeting was held in December 1911 at the Royal Pavilion in order to discover ways to fund the construction of a university ; the project was halted by World War I, and the money raised was used instead for books for the Municipal Technical College.