These fundamental ideas -- the indivisibility of sovereignty and its dual ( internal-external ) aspects -- still remain the core of that concept of ultimate political power.

The most fundamental concept of the new approach to economic aid is the focusing of our attention, our resources, and our energies on the effort to promote the economic and social development of the less developed countries.

The fundamental principles of Jainism revolve around the concept of altruism, not only for humans but for all sentient beings.

Basic constructions, such as the fundamental group or fundamental groupoid of a topological space, can be expressed as fundamental functors to the category of groupoids in this way, and the concept is pervasive in algebra and its applications.

Chemical engineering emerged upon the development of unit operations, a fundamental concept of the discipline.

* Class ( computer programming ), or type of object, a fundamental concept of object-oriented programming

Qi (; spelled qì in Pinyin romanization and ch ' i4 in Wade-Giles ) or ki ( in Japanese romanization ), is a fundamental concept of traditional Chinese culture.

" The ecological niche is a central concept in the ecology of organisms and is sub-divided into the fundamental and the realized niche.

Historically, the concept of fundamental group first emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Henri Poincaré and Felix Klein, where it describes the monodromy properties of complex functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.

* Integration, in mathematics, a fundamental concept of calculus — the operation of calculating the area between the curve of a function on the x-axis or y-axis

It promotes the concept there is a shared intersection of values based on the Hebrew Bible (" Torah "), brought into our culture by the founding generations of Biblically oriented Protestants, that is fundamental to American history, cultural identity, and institutions.

Recursive functions are a fundamental concept within computer science and mathematics.

A fundamental concept of Lorentz's theory in 1895 was the " theorem of corresponding states " for terms of order v / c.

It has since been shown that many of the performance problems of earlier designs were not a fundamental requirement of the concept, but instead due to the designer's desire to use single-purpose systems to implement as many of these services as possible.

This can be traced back to the Romans, Phoenicians, Vikings, and even further, as a common fundamental concept.

The concept of momentum plays a fundamental role in explaining the behavior of variable-mass objects such as a rocket ejecting fuel or a star accreting gas.

Says Rand, " The fundamental concept of method, the one on which all the others depend, is logic.

* Socialism's fundamental principles are centered on a critique of this concept, stating, among other things, that the cost of defending property is higher than the returns from private property ownership, and that, even when property rights encourage their holders to develop their property or generate wealth, they do so only for their own benefit, which may not coincide with benefit to other people or to society at large.

In axiomatic set theory the fundamental concept of set is an example of a primitive notion.

The concept is of fundamental importance in laser science because the production of a population inversion is a necessary step in the workings of a standard laser.

The concept of pre-mortal existence is an early and fundamental doctrine of Mormonism.

Islam's fundamental theological concept is belief in one God.

Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions and the role of cognitive skills.

Problem solving, regarded by many cognitive psychologists as fundamental to learning, is an important research topic in educational psychology.

During a period ( the 1970s and 80s ) when nativist Transformational Generative Grammar was becoming dominant in Linguistics, and called " Standard Theory ", linguists who questioned these tenets were disenfranchised and Cognitive Linguistics and Computational Psycholinguistics were born and the more general term Emergentism developed for the anti-nativist view that language is emergent from more fundamental cognitive processes that are not specifically linguistic in nature.

Linguist George Lakoff has proposed a cognitive science of mathematics wherein even the most fundamental ideas of arithmetic would be seen as consequences or products of human perception — which is itself necessarily evolved within an ecology.

A comprehensive world view ( or worldview ) is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society encompassing the entirety of the individual or society's knowledge and point-of-view, including natural philosophy ; fundamental, existential, and normative postulates ; or themes, values, emotions, and ethics.

Worldview can be expressed as the fundamental cognitive, affective, and evaluative presuppositions a group of people make about the nature of things, and which they use to order their lives.

It also explains that people commit to fundamental attribution error more when they have no motivation or energy ( i. e. under cognitive load ) to process the situational information.

Generally, the fundamental attribution error has been researched central to a social cognitive framework.

Schizophrenic or psychotic patients are less likely to demonstrate awareness or concern about it because it results from a fundamental inability to use the same type of Aristotelian logic as everyone else does whereas so-called “ organic ” patients with a clouded consciousness usually do demonstrate awareness and concern about it, by complaining about being “ confused ” or “ unable to think straight ” because it results, instead, from various cognitive deficits.

Circadian rhythms are so automatic and fundamental to living things-they occur even in plants-that they are usually discussed separately from cognitive processes, and the reader is referred to the main article ( Circadian rhythms ) for further information.

The term is often used to refer specifically to the inability to perform arithmetic operations, but it is also defined by some educational professionals and cognitive psychologists such as Stanislas Dehaene and Brian Butterworth as a more fundamental inability to conceptualize numbers as abstract concepts of comparative quantities ( a deficit in " number sense "), which these researchers consider to be a foundational skill, upon which other maths abilities build.

In conjunction with the Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, FPN's two-year research master Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience offers four different specialisations: cognitive neuroscience, fundamental neuroscience, neuropsychology and psychopathology.

Fundamental science has traditionally been associated with the physical and natural sciences ; some research in the social and behavioral sciences, however, can also be deemed fundamental ( e. g., cognitive neuroscience, personality ).

Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions, problem solving has been defined as a higher-order cognitive process that requires the modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skills.

These fundamental proficiencies are: awareness of the self in all domains, control of effort, visualization, cognitive skills, and self-programming.

Bedre, Hoffman, Cooney & D ’ Esposito ( 2009 ) propose that the fundamental goal in cognitive neuroscience is to characterize the functional organization of the frontal cortex that supports the control of action.

However, cognition in music is more and more acknowledged as fundamental to our understanding of cognition as a whole, hence music cognition should be able to contribute both conceptually and methodologically to cognitive science.

The distinction between cognitive determinacy and a mere aptronym is seen as subtle but fundamental: i. e. post hoc vs propter hoc.

After 1965 Sakharov returned to fundamental science and began working on particle physics and cosmology.

In novels such as The City and the Stars and the story " The Sentinel " ( upon which 2001: A Space Odyssey was based ) Clarke presents ultra-advanced technologies developed by hyperintelligences limited only by fundamental science.

On November 29, 1921, the trustees declared it to be the express policy of the Institute to pursue scientific research of the greatest importance and at the same time " to continue to conduct thorough courses in engineering and pure science, basing the work of these courses on exceptionally strong instruction in the fundamental sciences of mathematics, physics, and chemistry ; broadening and enriching the curriculum by a liberal amount of instruction in such subjects as English, history, and economics ; and vitalizing all the work of the Institute by the infusion in generous measure of the spirit of research.

We investigate the most challenging, fundamental problems in science and technology in a singularly collegial, interdisciplinary atmosphere, while educating outstanding students to become creative members of society.

The " block structure " aspect that context-free grammars capture is so fundamental to grammar that the terms syntax and grammar are often identified with context-free grammar rules, especially in computer science.

The originality of Descartes ' thinking, therefore, is not so much in expressing the cogito — a feat accomplished by other predecessors, as we shall see — but on using the cogito as demonstrating the most fundamental epistemological principle, that science and mathematics are justified by relying on clarity, distinctiveness, and self-evidence.

In addition to fundamental contributions in several branches of theoretical computer science, Knuth is the creator of the TeX computer typesetting system, the related METAFONT font definition language and rendering system, and the Computer Modern family of typefaces.

David Carr of Yale University commented in 1970 on Husserl's following: " It is well known that Husserl was always disappointed at the tendency of his students to go their own way, to embark upon fundamental revisions of phenomenology rather than engage in the communal task " as originally intended by the radical new science.

In 1917 Columbia established the Lincoln School of Teachers College “ as a laboratory for the working out of an elementary and secondary curriculum which shall eliminate obsolete material and endeavor to work up in usable form material adapted to the needs of modern living .” ( Cremin, 282 ) Based on Flexner ’ s demand that the modern curriculum “ include nothing for which an affirmative case can not be made out ” ( Cremin, 281 ) the new school organized its activities around four fundamental fields: science, industry, aesthetics and civics.

Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some — especially philosophers of science and practicing scientists — consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific.

ID seeks to redefine science in a fundamental way that would invoke supernatural explanations, an approach its proponents describe as theistic realism or theistic science.

The adequacy of proposals or fragments of proposals for such a language was often asserted on the basis of various " reductions " or " explications " of the terms of one special science to the terms of another, putatively more fundamental one.

In the domain of computer science, MIT faculty and researchers made fundamental contributions to cybernetics, artificial intelligence, computer languages, machine learning, robotics, and cryptography.

Other proposed goals of philosophy include " discover the absolutely fundamental reason of everything it investigates ", " making explicit the nature and significance of ordinary and scientific beliefs ", and unifying and transcending the insights given by science and religion.

Materials science also deals with fundamental properties and characteristics of materials.

For this reason the most fundamental science is generally understood to be " physics " – the name for which is still recognizable as meaning that it is the study of nature.

Physics is the " fundamental science " because the other natural sciences ( biology, chemistry, geology, etc.

Often known as the central science, chemistry connects the fundamental laws of physics to engineering and other natural sciences such as biology, earth science, astronomy and material science