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The fundamental properties of currents mediated by ion channels were analyzed by the British biophysicists Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley as part of their Nobel Prize-winning research on the action potential, published in 1952.
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fundamental and properties
After James Prescott Joule had determined the mechanical equivalent of heat, Lord Kelvin approached the question from an entirely different point of view, and in 1848 devised a scale of absolute temperature which was independent of the properties of any particular substance and was based solely on the fundamental laws of thermodynamics.
Some, such as computational complexity theory, which studies fundamental properties of computational problems, are highly abstract, while others, such as computer graphics, emphasize real-world applications.
Some fields, such as computational complexity theory ( which explores the fundamental properties of computational problems ), are highly abstract, whilst fields such as computer graphics emphasise real-world applications.
According to Chalmers, a naturalistic account of property dualism requires a new fundamental category of properties described by new laws of supervenience ; the challenge being analogous to that of understanding electricity based on the mechanistic and Newtonian models of materialism prior to Maxwell's equations.
He ended the paper by calling for a " very extended study of all the various existing stocks of languages, in order to determine the most fundamental properties of language "-almost a program statement for the modern study of linguistic typology, and a very Boasian approach.
Euclid's proofs depend upon assumptions perhaps not obvious in Euclid's fundamental axioms, in particular that certain movements of figures do not change their geometrical properties such as the lengths of sides and interior angles, the so-called Euclidean motions, which include translations and rotations of figures.
Electromagnetic units are part of a system of electrical units based primarily upon the magnetic properties of electric currents, the fundamental SI unit being the ampere.
In the conceptual model of fundamental interactions, matter consists of fermions, which carry properties called charges and spin ± ( intrinsic angular momentum ±, where ħ is the reduced Planck constant ).
Historically, the concept of fundamental group first emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Henri Poincaré and Felix Klein, where it describes the monodromy properties of complex functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.
One of the fundamental properties of an electron ( besides that it carries charge ) is that it has a dipole moment, i. e. it behaves itself as a tiny magnet.
** fundamental properties of elementary particles
This is known as the Pauli exclusion principle, and it is the fundamental reason behind the chemical properties of atoms and the stability of matter.
Primary properties of visible light are intensity, propagation direction, frequency or wavelength spectrum, and polarisation, while its speed in a vacuum, 299, 792, 458 meters per second ( about 300, 000 kilometers per second ), is one of the fundamental constants of nature.
The Freedericksz transition is fundamental to the operation of many liquid crystal displays because the director orientation ( and thus the properties ) can be controlled easily by the application of a field.
The metaphysician attempts to clarify the fundamental notions by which people understand the world, e. g., existence, objects and their properties, space and time, cause and effect, and possibility.
Materials science also deals with fundamental properties and characteristics of materials.
Many find it extremely counterintuitive to suppose that fundamental physical systems have phenomenal properties: e. g. that there is something it is like to be an electron ".
Particle physics, particularly quantum chromodynamics, provides the fundamental equations that explain the properties of quarks and of the strong interaction.
The next three axioms are first-order statements about natural numbers expressing the fundamental properties of the successor operation.
Although these first studies focused on the counterintuitive properties of entanglement, with the aim of criticizing quantum mechanics, eventually entanglement was verified experimentally, and recognized as a valid, fundamental feature of quantum mechanics.
Soundness is among the most fundamental properties of mathematical logic.
With the advent of atomic clocks, it became feasible to define the second based on fundamental properties of nature.
In quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, such as position x and momentum p, can be known simultaneously.
This gives rise to curious properties, as well as supporting some unusual proposals about the fundamental conditions of the universe itself.
fundamental and currents
The fundamental concept behind MHD is that magnetic fields can induce currents in a moving conductive fluid, which in turn creates forces on the fluid and also changes the magnetic field itself.
Non-linear loads create harmonic currents in addition to the original ( fundamental frequency ) AC current.
The practical realization of high performance MK-2 systems required the pursuit of fundamental studies by a large team of researchers ; this was effectively achieved by 1956, following the production of the first MK-2 generator in 1952, and the achievement of currents over 100 megaamperes from 1953.
Apart from acting as a strong scientific stimulus to the development of dynamical weather prediction, Professor Charney's research has led the way to a more fundamental understanding of the atmosphere's general circulation, hydrodynamical instability, the structure of hurricanes, the dynamics of ocean currents, the propagation of wave energy, and many other aspects of geophysical fluid mechanics.
Especially important was his translation of the Theological Elements of Proclus ( made in 1268 ), because the Theological Elements is one of the fundamental sources of the revived Neo-Platonic philosophical currents of the 13th century.
Both currents and magnetic fields are important in understanding fundamental plasma physics.
This discovery made it possible to record the currents of single ion channels for the first time, proving their involvement in fundamental cell processes such as action potential conduction.
That award praised his " lucid, insightful, and influential reviews on partially conserved currents, gauge theories, instantons, and magnetic monopoles -- subjects fundamental to theoretical physics.
As such, apart from his significant accomplishments as one of the masterminds of the early Pahlavi era where he devised a number of fundamental bureaucratic reforms and navigated his country's foreign relations, Teymourtash has been credited with playing a significant role in shaping the intellectual and cultural currents that transformed Iran in the first half of the Twentieth Century.
fundamental and mediated
In this more fundamental theory, the interactions are mediated by a flavour-changing gauge boson, the W < sup >±</ sup >.
All four of the known fundamental forces are mediated by fields, which in the Standard Model of particle physics result from exchange of gauge bosons.
Biogeochemistry and hydrology focus on several fundamental ecosystem processes such as biologically mediated chemical cycling of nutrients and physical-biological cycling of water.
fundamental and by
That is to say Gabriel's fundamental law had been so much modified by this time that it was neither fundamental nor law any more.
These are few and seemingly disjointed data, but they illustrate the important fact that fundamental alterations in conditioned reactions occur in a variety of states in which the hypothalamic balance has been altered by physiological experimentation, pharmacological action, or clinical processes.
For example, child welfare experience abounds with cases in which the parental request for substitute care is precipitated by a crisis event which is meaningfully linked with a fundamental unresolved problem of family relationships.
( Pp. 228-229 ) in any event, it is obvious that the anti-trust laws did not prevent the formation of some of the greatest financial empires the world has ever known, held together by some of the most fantastic ideas, all based on the fundamental notion that a corporation is an individual who can trade and exchange goods without control by the government ''.
The `` belaboring '' is of course jocular, yet James was not lacking in fundamental seriousness -- unless we measure him by that ultimate seriousness of the great religious leader or thinker who stakes all on his vision of God.
These dynamic relationships, between what can be observed on the ground, as opposed to what can be observed by compiling many local observations remain fundamental in any kind of anthropology, whether cultural, biological, linguistic or archaeological.
The Austrian School of economics is a school of economic thought positing that the only appropriate means to understand economic events is by logically studying the intentions of individual economic decision-makers, based on certain fundamental truths.
While there are ancient relations between the Indian Vedas and the Iranian Avesta, the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view on the role of man in the universe.
Payment for jurors was introduced around 462 BC and is ascribed to Pericles, a feature described by Aristotle as fundamental to radical democracy ( Politics 1294a37 ).
While administrative decision-making bodies are often controlled by larger governmental units, their decisions could be reviewed by a court of general jurisdiction under some principle of judicial review based upon due process ( United States ) or fundamental justice ( Canada ).
It is a mathematical tool for finding repeating patterns, such as the presence of a periodic signal which has been buried under noise, or identifying the missing fundamental frequency in a signal implied by its harmonic frequencies.
* 529 – First draft of the Corpus Juris Civilis ( a fundamental work in jurisprudence ) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I.
After this essay was circulated in samizdat and then published outside the Soviet Union ( initially on July 6, 1968, in the Dutch newspaper Het Parool through intermediary of the Dutch academic and writer Karel van het Reve, followed by The New York Times ), Sakharov was banned from all military-related research and returned to FIAN to study fundamental theoretical physics.
Subsequently, the accelerative force on any given ion is controlled by the electrostatic equation, where n is the ionisation state of the ion, and e is the fundamental electric charge.
One most fundamental question that continues to exercise philosophers is put by William James:
The government elected in 2001 pledged to maintain the fundamental economic policy objectives adopted by its predecessor in 1997, specifically: retaining the Currency Board, implementing sound financial policies, accelerating privatisation, and pursuing structural reforms.
Many fundamental questions of craftsmanship versus mass production, the relationship of usefulness and beauty, the practical purpose of formal beauty in a commonplace object, and whether or not a single proper form could exist, were argued out among its 1, 870 members ( by 1914 ).
Canal barges, towed by draft animals on a waterway adjacent towpath were of fundamental importance in the early industrial revolution, whose major early engineering projects were efforts to build viaducts, aqueducts and especially canal to fuel and feed the raw materials to the nascent factories being born in the early industrial takeoff, and take their goods to the ports and cities for distribution.
Plants are the fundamental base of nearly all food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that can be consumed and utilized by animals ; this is what ecologists call the first trophic level.
The speeches of Elihu ( who is not mentioned in the prologue ) are claimed to contradict the fundamental opinions expressed by the " friendly accusers " in the central body of the poem, according to which it is impossible that the righteous should suffer, all pain being a punishment for some sin.
The publication of the DES cipher by the U. S. National Bureau of Standards ( now National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST ) in 1977 was fundamental in the public understanding of modern block cipher design.
This lengthens the vibrating air column thus lowering the fundamental tone and associated harmonic series produced by the instrument.
6.369 seconds.