In an earlier example of punctuated evolution preceding the global diffusion of Homo sapiens genes from Africa, some two million years ago, Wolpoff points to evidence of an earlier ' genetic revolution ' that took place in a small group isolated from australopithecine forebears.

This styling of an Aryan invasion by British colonial fantasies of racial supremacy was incorporated by Communist revisionists as part of waging a Trotskyist permanent revolution in India between perceived " whites " and " darks ", and has no basis in genetic or anthropological studies of South Asian populations.

Kovacs, Vidaura and Sylvie / Quellcrist are left to wait and see whether they will be able to incite a planet-wide revolution with Sylvie / Quellcrist's newfound connection to the orbitals and the expansion of a long-dormant genetic virus which will turn the population against the ruling oligarchy.

His results caused a revolution in bee crossbreeding and may have influenced Gregor Mendel's pioneering genetic research.

Twin studies have been limited by relatively small sample sizes but have indicated a substantial genetic contribution, as well as environmental influence.

Although the first genetic linkage finding for mania was in 1969, the linkage studies have been inconsistent.

For instance, genetic studies of African-American people show an ancestry that is on average 17 – 18 % European.

Some genetic studies seem to prove a Celtic descendence of most inhabitants in the region, but not Germanic in fact, that is reinforced by the Gaulish toponyms such as those ending with the suffix-ago < Celtic -* ako ( n ) ( f. e.

However, studies of mitochondrial DNA show that the divergence between each of the three chipmunk groups is comparable to the genetic dissimilarity between Marmota and Spermophilus.

Modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and " morphogenesis ", which is the process that gives rise to tissues, organs and anatomy.

The form of the flagella, the tubular cristae within the mitochondria, and other characters led to the suggestion that the desmothoracids belong among what is now the Cercozoa, which has now been confirmed by genetic studies.

According to genetic studies, divergence of primates from other mammals began and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around.

Today, most gene therapy studies are aimed at cancer and hereditary diseases linked to a genetic defect.

For example, recent studies have suggested genetic variants in deer mice that help explain how deer mice that live in the mountains are able to survive in the thin air that accompanies high altitudes.

A group of studies have recently shown that genetic patterns at the EDAR locus, a region of the modern human genome that contributes to hair texture variation among most individuals of East Asian descent, support the hypothesis that ( East Asian ) straight hair likely developed in this branch of the modern human lineage subsequent to the original expression of tightly coiled natural afro-hair.

Comparative studies of domestic and wild Syrian hamsters have shown reduced genetic variability in the domestic strain.

This theory presented above could be refuted and in need of revision due to new scientific evidence presented by HUGO ( Human Genome Organization ) through genetic studies of the Asian races that points to a single Asian migration from South East Asia traveling northwards and slowly populating East Asia instead of the other way around which as popularly depicted above.

The descent of the Kyrgyz from the autochthonous Siberian population is confirmed on the other hand by the recent genetic studies ( The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity ).

Recent studies make clear no significant genetic differences exist between Arabic and non-Arabic speaking populations, highlighting that in common with most of the Arab World, Arabization was mainly via acculturation of indigenous populations over time and intermarriage between Arabs and Berbers.

:* Coprinus cinereus, mushroom ( genetic studies of mushroom development, genetic studies of meiosis )

:* Neurospora crassa-orange bread mold ( genetic studies of meiosis, metabolic regulation, and circadian rhythm )

Its small stature and short generation time facilitates rapid genetic studies, and many phenotypic and biochemical mutants have been mapped.

:* Parhyale hawaiensis an amphipod crustacean, used in evolutionary developmental ( evo-devo ) studies, with an extensive toolbox for genetic manipulation.

Experimental studies dating from the 1990s have shown that circadian rhythms are generated by a " genetic clock " consisting of a special set of genes whose expression level rises and falls over the course of the day.

Many studies have investigated a genetic link between this variation and cancer susceptibility, however, the results have been controversial.

" On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs.

20 of the 22 proteinogenic amino acids are known as " standard " amino acids-those found in human beings and other eukaryotes, and which are encoded directly within the universal genetic code.

# Conceptual and philosophical implications regarding human responsibility, free will vis-à-vis genetic determinism, and the concepts of health and disease.

Arnason and Gullberg describe the genetic distance between a blue and a fin as about the same as that between a human and a gorilla.

Connected with pareidolia, the genetic tendency of human beings to find patterns in coincidence, this allows the discovery of conspiracy in any significant event.

According to this research, genetic markers commonly found in modern humans worldwide suggest that today many people carry a gene that evolved as protection against the brain diseases that can be spread by consuming human brain tissue.

By helping to ensure benefit-sharing, the Nagoya Protocol creates incentives to conserve and sustainably use genetic resources, and therefore enhances the contribution of biodiversity to development and human well-being.

Eugenics is the " applied science or the bio-social movement which advocates the use of practices aimed at improving the genetic composition of a population ", usually a human population.

By comparing the parts of the genome that are not under natural selection and which therefore accumulate mutations at a fairly steady rate, it is possible to reconstruct a genetic tree incorporating the entire human species since the last shared ancestor.

It is claimed that this has resulted in substantial genetic differences between different current human populations.

With only five or six human generations in 150 years, time for natural selection has been very limited, suggesting that increased skeletal size resulting from changes in population phenotypes is more likely than recent genetic evolution.

Furthermore, he confesses privately to a young official that he had, in a fit of grief-driven madness, added Erika's DNA to the genetic composite, so that technically, the creature is partially human as well.

For example, protein synthesis in human mitochondria relies on a genetic code that differs from the standard genetic code.

Although this should, in theory, be highly effective in counteracting genetic disorders and hereditary diseases, many jurisdictions prohibit this for application in human beings, at least for the present, for a variety of technical and ethical reasons.

In 1972 Friedmann and Roblin authored a paper in Science titled " Gene therapy for human genetic disease?

* Homology ( anthropology ), analogy between human beliefs, practices or artifacts owing to genetic or historical connections

For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b ( brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron ) combined with ribavirin, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene, encoding interferon lambda 3, are associated with significant differences in the treatment-induced clearance of the virus.

Other scholars have argued against Rushton's hypothesis on the basis that the concept of race is not supported by genetic evidence about the diversity of human populations, and that his research is based on folk taxonomies.

Published before it was even certain that DNA carried genetic information, this story is about a series of engineered retroviral plagues, initially propagated by blood transfusion, that are genetically re-engineering the human race.

Laboratory researchers sometimes try to develop animal models of human mental disorders, including by inducing or treating symptoms in animals through genetic, neurological, chemical or behavioral manipulation, but this has been criticized on empirical grounds and opposed on animal rights grounds.

Therefore, the optimal mutation rate for a species is a trade-off between costs of a high mutation rate, such as deleterious mutations, and the metabolic costs of maintaining systems to reduce the mutation rate, such as DNA repair enzymes .< ref name = Sniegowski > Viruses that use RNA as their genetic material have rapid mutation rates, which can be an advantage since these viruses will evolve constantly and rapidly, and thus evade the defensive responses of e. g. the human immune system.